Psychological

• Self- William James


  • Both the "knower" and the "known"
  • Partly object and partly subject
  • Divided into the me-self and the I-self
• Me-self


  • The empirical self
  • The object of a thought
• Dimensions of Me-self


  • Material Self
  • Social Self
  • Spiritual Self
• 1. self (by William James)


  • "Pure ego"
  • Provides the thread of continuity between our past, present, and future selves
  • Consciousness itself
  • Self-awareness
  • Referred to as the soul (or mind)
  • Involves subjective experiential features such as life history and experience
• Dimensions of I-self


  • Individual Self
  • Relational Self
  • Collective Self
• Karen Horney: '"To search for truth about the self is as valuable as to search for truth in other areas of life"'
• Healthy development


  • Stems from childhood experiences
  • Requires parents to provide feelings of safety and security to the child
• Parents fail to provide safety and security


  Child develops basic hostility and basic anxiety
• Idealized Self


  • An overly positive and perfect image of the self
  • Includes beliefs that they are better than others, the world owes them, and they should be perfect
• Actualized Self


  • The person one is in everyday life
  • The person one actually is regardless of other people's perceptions
  • Often despised because it fails to fulfill the requirement of the idealized image
• Despised Self


  • Negative view of the self
  • Based on the lack of love and acceptance by others
  • Consists of feelings of inferiority and shortcomings
  • The feeling that one is hated; it is assumed that it is one's true self is the one hated
• Real Self


  • Revealed only as a person begins to shed the various techniques developed to deal with basic anxiety
  • A "force" that impels growth and self-realization
  • The inner core of personality, one's potential - the need to be who one truly is
• Formative Tendency


  The ability to grow from simple to complex organisms
• Actualizing Tendency


  The ability to reach one's fullest potential
• Real Self (Self-concept)


  Refers to the aspects of one's being and experiences that are perceived in awareness
• Ideal Self


  • Pertains to who you want to become in the future
  • Everyone has an ideal self and it is perfectly "healthy" to have one
• Real self and Ideal self

  Should overlap and co-occur in order for us to become "psychologically healthy individuals"
• Requirements for the Ideal Self and Real Self to Overlap

  • Congruence/Genuineness
  • Empathy
  • Unconditional Positive Regard
• Proactive


  • Acting in advance of a future situation, rather than just reacting
  • Taking control and making things happen rather than just adjusting to a situation or waiting for something to happen
• Agentic


  • Self-organizing, proactive, self-reflective and self-regulating as times change
  • Not merely reactive organisms shaped by environmental forces or driven by inner impulses
• Human Agency


  • Essence of humanness
  • People are self-regulating, proactive, self-organizing and self-reflective
  • People have the power to influence their own actions and produce the desired consequences
• Core Features of Human Agency

  • Intentionality
  • Forethought
  • Self-reactiveness
  • Self-reflectiveness
• Self-Efficacy


  Feelings of adequacy, efficiency and competence in coping with life
• Sources of Self-efficacy


  • Performance Attainment
  • Vicarious Experience
  • Verbal Persuasions
  • Physiological and Emotional Arousal