Ethical Issue in Science and Technology

• Brief History and Evolution of Technology:

  Stone Age (2.5 million years ago - 3,000 BC):

  ❖ The earliest tools: Our ancestors crafted simple stone tools for

  chopping, scraping, and hunting, marking the beginning of

  technological innovation.

  ❖ Fire control: Mastering fire revolutionized our ability to cook food, stay

  warm, and ward off predators.
• Brief History and Evolution of Technology:

  2. Agricultural Revolution (12,000 - 3,000 BC):

  ❖ Domestication of plants and animals: This shift enabled permanent

  settlements, food storage, and population growth.

  ❖ Development of tools for farming: Plows, irrigation systems, and

  storage solutions emerged.
• Brief History and Evolution of Technology:

  3. Bronze Age (3,000 - 1,200 BC):

  ❖ Metalworking: Discovery of bronze, then iron, led to stronger

  tools, weapons, and agricultural implements.

  ❖ The wheel: This fundamental invention revolutionized transportation

  and trade.
• Brief History and Evolution of Technology:

  4. Classical Era (800 BC - 476 AD):

  ❖ Papermaking in China: This innovation facilitated the spread of

  knowledge and ideas.

  ❖ Roman engineering: Aqueducts, bridges, and roads showcased

  advanced construction techniques.
• Brief History and Evolution of Technology:

  5. Middle Ages (476 AD - 1450 AD):

  ❖ Gunpowder: This transformative invention changed warfare forever.

  ❖ The printing press: Johannes Gutenberg's invention democratized

  knowledge, leading to the Renaissance.
• Brief History and Evolution of Technology:

  6. Industrial Revolution (1750 - 1840):

  ❖ Steam engine: Powering factories and transportation, it sparked

  massive industrial growth.

  ❖ Electricity: This revolutionized almost every aspect of life, from

  lighting to appliances.
• History of Computer (19th Century)

  Joseph Marie Jacquard (1801)

  Loom that uses punched wooden cards to automatically weave fabric designs. Early computers would use similar punch cards.

  Charles Babbage (1821)

  Steam-driven calculating machine that would be able to compute tables of numbers.
• History of Computer (19th Century)

  Ada Lovelace (1848)

  World's first computer program

  Per Georg and Edvard Scheutz (1853)

  World's first printing calculator
• History of Computer (19th Century)

  Herman Hollerith (1890)

  Punch-card system to help calculate the 1890 U.S. Census
• History of Computer (Early 20th Century)

  Vannevar Bush (1931)

  Invented and built the Differential Analyzer

  Alan Turing (1936)

  Presented the principle of a universal machine, later called the Turing machine
• History of Computer (Early 20th Century)

  John Vincent Atanasoff (1937)

  Submitted a grant proposal to build the first electric-only computer, without using gears, cams, belts or shafts.

  David Packard and Bill Hewlett (1939)

  Found the Hewlett Packard Company in Palo Alto, California
• History of Computer (Early 20th Century)

  Konrad Zuse (1941)

  Completes his Z3 machine, the world's earliest digital computer

  Atanasoff and Clifford Berry (1941)

  Designed the first digital electronic computer in the U.S., called the

  Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC).
• History of Computer (Early 20th Century)

  John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert (1945)

  Designed and built the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator

  (ENIAC). The machine is the first "automatic, general-purpose, electronic, decimal, digital computer,".

  Mauchly and Presper (1946)

  Received funding from the Census Bureau to build the UNIVAC, the first

  commercial computer for business and government applications.
• History of Computer (Early 20th Century)

  Shockley, Bardeen and Brattain (1947)

  Invented the transistor and discovered how to make an electric switch with solid materials and without the need for a vacuum.

  A team at the University of Cambridge (1949)

  Developed the Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator (EDSAC), “the first practical stored-program computer”.
• History of Computer (Early 20th Century)

  Grace Hopper (1953)

  Developed the first computer language, which eventually becomes known as COBOL

  John Backus and team of programmers (1954)

  Published a paper describing their newly created FORTRAN

  programming language
• History of Computer (Early 20th Century)

  Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce (1958)

  Unveiled the integrated circuit, known as the computer chip

  Douglas Engelbart (1968)

  Revealed a prototype of the modern computer at the Fall Joint Computer Conference
• History of Computer (Early 20th Century)

  Thompson, Ritchie and developers (1969)

  Produced UNIX, an operating system that made "large-scale networking of diverse computing systems — and the internet — practical

  Intel 1103 (1970)

  The first Dynamic Access Memory (DRAM) chip.
• History of Computer (Early 20th Century)

  Alan Shugart and IBM engineers (1971)

  Shugart invented the "floppy disk," enabling data to be shared among

  different computers

  Ralph Baer (1972)

  Released Magnavox Odyssey, the world's first home game console
• History of Computer (Early 20th Century)

  Robert Metcalfe (1973)

  Developed Ethernet for connecting multiple computers and other hardware.

  Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak (1976)

  Co-found Apple Computer on April Fool's Day. They unveil Apple I, the first computer with a single-circuit board and ROM (Read Only Memory)
• History of Computer (Early 20th Century)

  Radio Shack (1977)

  Began its initial production run of 3,000 TRS-80 Model 1 computers

  West Coast Computer Faire (1977)

  Jobs and Wozniak present the Apple II computer at the Faire, which includes color graphics and features an audio cassette drive for storage.
• History of Computer (Early 20th Century)

  VisiCalc (1978)

  First computerized spreadsheet program is introduced.

  Seymour Rubenstein (1979)

  Founded the MicroPro International and released WordStar, the world's first commercially successful word processor.
• History of Computer (Early 20th Century)

  Acorn (1981)

  IBM's first personal computer, is released onto the market at a price

  point of $1,565, according to IBM. Acorn uses the MS-DOS operating

  system from Windows.

  Apple Lisa (1983)

  Stands for "Local Integrated Software Architecture" but also the name of Steve Jobs' daughter, according to the National Museum of American History (NMAH), is the first personal computer to feature a GUI.
• History of Computer (Early 20th Century)

  Apple Macintosh (1984)

  Announced to the world during a Superbowl advertisement.

  Windows (1985)

  As a response to the Apple Lisa's GUI, Microsoft released this
• History of Computer (Early 20th Century)

  Tim Berners-Lee (1989)

  Submitted his proposal for what would become the World Wide Web.

  The Pentium Microprocessor (1993)

  Advanced the use of graphics and music on PCs.
• History of Computer (Early 20th Century)

  Sergey Brin and Larry Page (1996)

  Developed the Google search engine at Stanford University.

  Microsoft Invests in Apple (1997)

  Microsoft invests $150 million in Apple, which at the time is struggling

  financially. This investment ends an ongoing court case in which Apple

  accused Microsoft of copying its operating system.
• History of Computer (Early 20th Century)

  Wi-Fi (1999)

  The abbreviated term for "wireless fidelity" is developed, initially covering a distance of up to 300 feet (91 meters) Wired reported.
• History of Computer (Late 20th Century)

  Mac OS X renamed OS X to macOS (2001)

  Released by Apple as the successor to itsstandard Mac Operating System. OS X goes through 16 different versions, each with "10" as its title, and the first nine iterations are nicknamed after big cats, with the first being codenamed “Cheetah”.

  AMD's Athlon 64 (2003)

  The first 64-bit processor for personal computers, is released to

  customers.
• History of Computer (Late 20th Century)

  The Mozilla Corporation (2004)

  Corporation launches Mozilla Firefox 1.0. The Web browser is one of the first major challenges to Internet Explorer, owned by Microsoft.

  Google buys Android (2005)

  A linux-based mobile phone operating system
• History of Computer (Late 20th Century)

  MacBook Pro (2006)

  MacBook Pro from Apple hits the shelves. The Pro is the company's first Intel-based, dual-core mobile computer.

  Microsoft (2007)

  Launched Windows 7 on July 22. The new operating system features the ability to pin applications to the taskbar, scatter windows away by shaking another window, easy-to-access jumplists, easier previews of

  tiles and more,
• History of Computer (Late 20th Century)

  Apple (2010)

  The iPad, Apple's flagship handheld tablet, is unveiled.

  Google (2011)

  Releases the Chromebook, which runs on Google Chrome OS.
• History of Computer (Late 20th Century)

  Apple and Microsoft (2015)

  Released the Apple Watch. Microsoft releases Windows 10.

  Shantanu Debnath (2016)

  The first reprogrammable quantum computer was created.
• History of Computer (Late 20th Century)

  Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (2017)

  Developed a new "Molecular Informatics" program that uses molecules as computers.

  Google Team (2019)

  Google became the first to demonstrate quantum supremacy — creating a quantum computer that could feasibly outperform the most powerful classical computer — albeit for a very specific problem with no practical real-world application. The described the computer, dubbed "Sycamore" in a paper that same year in the journal Nature
• History of Computer (Late 20th Century)

  Hewlett Packard Enterprise or HPE (2022)

  The first exascale supercomputer, and the world's fastest, Frontier, went online at the Oak Ridge Leadership Computing Facility (OLCF) in Tennessee
• ROLES OF LANGUAGES

  • communication
  • expression of thoughts / idea
  • knowledge transfer
  • problem solving
  • development of society
• Mathematics Language as a Nature

  1. Evidence for Math as Nature's Language:

  ❖ Patterns and relationships

  ❖ Universality

  ❖ Predictive power

  ❖ Discovery and invention
• Mathematics Language as a Nature

  1. Unraveling the Cosmos:

  ❖ Johannes Kepler (1571-1630): Kepler formulated his Laws of Planetary

  Motion, accurately describing the elliptical orbits of planets around the

  sun. This laid the groundwork for Isaac Newton's groundbreaking work on gravity.

  ❖ Albert Einstein (1879-1955): His theory of General Relativity, built on

  advanced differential geometry, revolutionized our understanding of gravity and space-time. The intricate equations behind it have enabled scientists to predict phenomena like black holes and gravitational waves with exceptional accuracy.
• Mathematics Language as a Nature

  2. Decoding the Symphony of Life:

  ❖ James Watson and Francis Crick (1953): Their discovery of the

  double helix structure of DNA, based on X-ray diffraction data and

  mathematical modeling, unveiled the fundamental code of life, paving

  the way for advancements in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.

  ❖ Alan Turing (1912-1954): He laid the theoretical foundation for

  modern computers with his concept of the Turing machine. This has

  revolutionized our understanding of complex biological systems, from

  protein folding to population dynamics.
• Mathematics Language as a Nature

  3. Weathering the Storm:

  ❖ Henrietta Swan Leavitt (1868-1921):she discovered a relationship betweentheir brightness and period, allowing us to measure stellar distancesfor the first time. This paved the way for understanding galacticstructures and the universe's vastness.

  ❖ Edward Lorenz (1917-2008): His discovery of the "butterfly effect" –

  how minute changes in weather patterns can lead to vastly different

  outcomes – highlighted the inherent chaos in weather systems.
• Mathematics Language as a Nature

  4. Engineering Marvels:

  ❖ Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519): applying principles of geometry

  and mechanics to design groundbreaking inventions like flying

  machines and self-propelled vehicles, inspiring future engineers and

  inventors.

  ❖ Ada Lovelace (1815-1852): Considered the world's first computer

  programmer, she recognized the potential of Charles Babbage's

  Analytical Engine, writing algorithms that demonstrated its ability to

  manipulate symbols and perform calculations. Her work laid the

  foundation for modern computing.
• Mathematics Language as a Nature

  1. Space Exploration:

  ❖ Orbital Mechanics: Precise calculations based on Kepler's Laws and calculus guide spacecraft trajectories, enabling missions to distant planets and beyond.

  ❖ Rocket Propulsion: Optimizing fuel efficiency and thrust requires complex equations from physics and thermodynamics, ensuring successful journeys into space.

  ❖ Data Analysis: Interpreting vast amounts of data from satellites and

  telescopes relies on statistical methods and machine learning algorithms, revealing cosmic secrets and hidden celestial objects.