bio test systems

• the epidermis protects by covering surfaces and deeper tissues and produces vitamen D
• the dermis supplies the epidermis
• hair follicles have the function of sensation from innervation
• hairs protect
• sebacous glands lubricate the hair shaft and epidermis
• nails stiffen and protect digits
• sweat glands have a role in thermoregulation
• hypodermis has fat stores and attatches skin to deeper layers
• tendons and aponeuroses translate contractile forces into tasks
• tendons - fibrous rope like connections between muscle and bone
• aponeuroses - sheet like most often between muscles but also to bone
• skeletal system - cartilage ; bone interfaces types hyaline , and fibro (discs)
• axial skeleton protects brain and spinal cord, sense organs and soft rissues of thorax, supports body weight over lower limbs
• red blood cellls found in flat bones
• yellow blood cells found in medullary cavity of long bones
• pineal glands day night rhythms
• hypothalmus/pitutory gland control many other endocrine glands, regulate growth and fluid balance
• thyroid glands - metabolic rate (thyroxine)
• thymus - maturation of lymphyocytes
• adrenal glands - water and mineral balance (aldosterone), tissue metabolism (cortisol), cardio and respiratory function (adrenaline)
• kidneys - red blood cell production, blood pressure up, calcium levels
• lymph nodes including tonsils monitor the composition of lymph, engulf pathogens, stimulate immune response (e.g lymphadenopathy)
• spleen monitors the circulation of blood cells, engulfs pathogens, recycle red blood cells, produces immune responses,
• arteries from heart to capillaries
• capillaries diffusion between blood and interstitial fluids
• veins return blood from capillaries to heart
• nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses filter warm and humidify air and detect smells
• pharnyx conducts air to the larnyx
• larnyx protects opening to trachea and contains vocal cords for vocalisation
• trachea conducts air and cartilage keeps it open
• salivary glands buffers and lubricant, enzymes begin digestion
• stomach secretes acid, enzymes, hormones
• small intestine has digestive enzymes, buffers and hormones, absorbs nutrients
• liver secrets bile and regulates nutrients in blood
• gall bladder concentrates bile
• pancreas has digestive enzymes, buffers, endocrine cells