Motivation

• Motivation


  Being moved to do something
• Motivation


  An internal process that captures your thoughts and emotions, what you believe, and how you interpret things
• Motivation


  Energize and direct your behavior
• Motivation


  Guides behavior towards certain activities and away from others
• Approaches to understanding motivation

  • Behavioral approach
  • Cognitive approach
  • Cognitive-behaviorist approach
• Behavioral approach


  • Learning and conditioning
  • Reward/punishment
• Cognitive approach


  • Processing your environment
  • Active thinking (beliefs, values, expectations)
• Cognitive-behaviorist approach


  • Puts both things together
  • Not either or
• Achievement goal theory (AGT)

  Achievement goal orientation and perceived ability
• Types of goal orientations

  • Task (mastery) goal orientation
  • Ego (performance) goal orientation
• Task (mastery) goal orientation

  • Success = personal improvement
  • Self-improvement, learning, meeting goals
  • Perceptions of ability is self-referenced
  • Achievement behaviours are likely to be positive/adaptive
• Ego (performance) goal orientation


  • Success = winning
  • Outperforming the competition
  • Perceptions of ability is other-referenced
  • If winning/high ability; adaptive achievement behaviours
  • If losing/low ability; maladaptive achievement behaviours
• Individuals can have both types of goal orientation: A mix of moderate-high tasks and moderate-high ego may be beneficial
• Approach vs avoidance goals

  • Approach
  • Avoidance
• Motivational climate


  • Sport/learning environment created by coaches, teachers
  • Task/mastery-oriented climate: More adaptive motivational patterns
  • Ego/outcome-oriented climate: Less adaptive motivational patterns
• Self-determination theory (SDT)


  Made up of 5 smaller theories
• Types of motivation


  • A motivation
  • Intrinsic regulation
  • External regulation
  • Introjected regulation
  • Identify regulation
  • Integrated motivation
• A motivation


  • Motivation is absent
  • No intention to act
• Intrinsic regulation


  • Undertake the activity for the inherent satisfaction
  • Fun, enjoyment, pleasurable, interesting
  • No separate consequence
• External regulation


  • Engage in activity because of an imposed external demand
  • Please others, gain rewards, avoid punishment
• Introjected regulation


  • Engage in activity due to internal pressure
  • Avoid negative emotions (shame, guilt)
  • Enhance self-worth
• Identify regulation


  • Engage in activity because it is personally important
  • Sees the value or benefit of this behavior
• Integrated motivation


  • The activity is part of themselves
  • Who they are
• The more self determined, the better outcomes (wellness, emotions, performance, etc)
• Intrinsic motivation


  From within; doing something because you like it/want to
• Extrinsic motivation


  Doing something to be rewarded
• 3 psychological needs


  • Autonomy
  • Competence
  • Relatedness
• Autonomy


  Feeling in control of decisions and having a choice in what you are doing
• Competence


  Feel as though you are capable, and effective in the actions that you undertake
• Relatedness


  Social need to belong and connect with other people
• Optimal experiences


  How do we thrive?
• Positive outcomes of optimal experiences


  • Exceptional performance
  • Intrinsic motivation/reward
  • Wellbeing
• Flow


  • Time slows down - passes quicker
  • Absolute awareness with no effort
• Clutch state


  Happens in critical moments
• Flow


  An enjoyable and intrinsically rewarding experience characterized by concentration and absorption and a sense of everything coming together even in challenging situations
• Clutch


  Involves perceived pressure, and isolated episode or event with positive or superior performance outcomes
• You cannot be in flow and clutch moments at the same time
• Context for flow vs clutch

  • Flow: Occurs in situations that are novel/new, exploratory, uncertainty
  • Clutch: Occurs in situations where pressure is present, achievement is desired because the outcome is important
• Process for flow vs clutch

  • Flow: Positive event - turning point/good start, Getting encouraging feedback, Building of one's confidence, Appraisal of challenge, Setting goals that are about how well you might do
  • Clutch: Feedback about the situation and performance first, Appraisal of a challenge, Set specific goals, Decision to increase effort and intensity in pursuit of those specific goals
• Experience of flow vs clutch

  • Flow: Feels less effortful, Enjoyment, Feel in control, Motivated to continue, Optimal arousal, Attention is effortless
  • Clutch: Feels more effortful, Heightened awareness, Exerting control, Motivated to achieve, High level of arousal, Concentration is effortful