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DS1101
Axial Skeleton
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Functions of axial
1.
Supporting
2.
Protecting
3.
Carrying
other
organs
What is the cranium?
Protects
brain
(thin, but strong)
1. Two
parietal
2. Two
temporal
3.
Frontal
4.
Occipital
5.
Sphenoid
6.
Ethmoid
Mandible
largest
and
strongest
bone of the face
Maxilla
Keystone
and are central portion of the facial skeleton
TMJ
Temporal-Mandibular Joint
Synovial
(
Hinge
and
lateral excursion
allows elevation/depression and
grinding
)
Three regions of axial skeleton
1.
Skull
2.
Vertebral column
3.
Thoracic Cage
Vertebral Column
1.
Flexible
, curved structure from
skull
to
pelvis
2. Transmits
weight
at
pelvis
to lower limbs
3.
Attachment
points
Curvature of Vertebral Column
Concave-
cervical and lumbar
Convex-
thoracic and sacral
Abnormalities of Curvatures
Scoliosis
,
kyphosis
and
lordosis
What is the vertebral column split into?
1.
Cervical
2.
Thoracic
3.
Lumbar
4.
Sacrum
5.
Coccyx
Structure of Cervical
smallest and lightest, carries less weight
oval
body
short
spinous
=
bifid
(split)
large
foramina
no
intervertebral
discs
Describe C1 and C2 interaction
Atlas
carries
skull
Axis
has dens that protrudes body of atlas=
odontoid
process
Overall
pivot
joint
without vertebral disc
Structure of Thoracic
Two facets
Two demi facets
on
heart shaped body
Circular foramen
Long spinous process
allows
rotation
but
prevents flexion
and extension
How many bones in Cervical?
7
How many bones in Thoracic?
12
How many bones in Lumbar?
5
How many bones in Sacrum?
5 fused
together
How many bones in Coccyx?
4 fused
together
Structure of Lumbar
Weight bearing
/stability=
thick body
Short pedicles
and
laminae
Flat dagger spinous
large bodies
Structure of Sacrum
Big
,
long
bone
Shape
posterior wall of pelvis
What divisions are the interverbal disc thickest in?
Lumbar
and
Cervical
to ensure flexibility
Describe the centre of interverbal discs
1.
Nucleolus pulposus
- inner
gelatinous
nucleus
-
elasticity
and
compression
2.
Annulus fibrosus
- surrounding strong collar composed of
collagen
and
fibrocartilage
- resists
tension
,
twisting
and expansion forces
General Structure of Intervertrbal disc
1.
Body
or
centrum
-
disc
shape
-
weight bearing
2.
Vertebral arch
- two
pedicle
(feet)
- two
laminae
(plates)
Together forms
VERTEBRAL FORAMINA
Two processes involved in interverbal disc
1.
Spinous
(posteriorly)
2.
Transverse
(laterally)
Peripheral nerves from superior to inferior
1.
Vein
2.
Artery
3.
Nerve
Define Roots
Dorsal
=
sensory
Ventral
=
motor
segregated information
Types of motor information
1.
Somatic
- control
voluntary
movements
2.
Autonomic
- regulates
involuntary
process
- eg: heart rate, blood pressure and respiratory
Define
Rami
Short,
fusion of roots
Mixed
communication
and
nerves
What is the skull broken into?
1.
Cranium
2.
Facial bones
What ligaments are involved in the vertebral column
1.
anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments
-
anterior
= body and discs (
hyperextension
)
-
posterior
= just discs (
hyperflexion
)
2.
Ligamentum flavum
- elastic connective tissue
-
stretch
and
recoil