Axial Skeleton

Cards (30)

  • Functions of axial
    1. Supporting
    2. Protecting
    3. Carrying other organs
  • What is the cranium?
    Protects brain (thin, but strong)
    1. Two parietal
    2. Two temporal
    3. Frontal
    4. Occipital
    5. Sphenoid
    6. Ethmoid
  • Mandible
    largest and strongest bone of the face
  • Maxilla
    Keystone and are central portion of the facial skeleton
  • TMJ
    Temporal-Mandibular Joint

    Synovial (Hinge and lateral excursion allows elevation/depression and grinding)
  • Three regions of axial skeleton
    1. Skull
    2. Vertebral column
    3. Thoracic Cage
  • Vertebral Column
    1. Flexible, curved structure from skull to pelvis

    2. Transmits weight at pelvis to lower limbs

    3. Attachment points
  • Curvature of Vertebral Column
    Concave- cervical and lumbar

    Convex- thoracic and sacral
  • Abnormalities of Curvatures
    Scoliosis, kyphosis and lordosis
  • What is the vertebral column split into?
    1. Cervical
    2. Thoracic
    3. Lumbar
    4. Sacrum
    5. Coccyx
  • Structure of Cervical
    smallest and lightest, carries less weight

    oval body
    short spinous= bifid (split)
    large foramina
    no intervertebral discs
  • Describe C1 and C2 interaction
    Atlas carries skull
    Axis has dens that protrudes body of atlas= odontoid process

    Overall pivot joint without vertebral disc
  • Structure of Thoracic
    Two facets
    Two demi facets on heart shaped body
    Circular foramen
    Long spinous process

    allows rotation but prevents flexion and extension
  • How many bones in Cervical?
    7
  • How many bones in Thoracic?
    12
  • How many bones in Lumbar?
    5
  • How many bones in Sacrum?
    5 fused together
  • How many bones in Coccyx?
    4 fused together
  • Structure of Lumbar
    Weight bearing/stability= thick body

    Short pedicles and laminae

    Flat dagger spinous

    large bodies
  • Structure of Sacrum
    Big, long bone
    Shape posterior wall of pelvis
  • What divisions are the interverbal disc thickest in?
    Lumbar and Cervical to ensure flexibility
  • Describe the centre of interverbal discs
    1. Nucleolus pulposus
    - inner gelatinous nucleus
    - elasticity and compression

    2. Annulus fibrosus
    - surrounding strong collar composed of collagen and fibrocartilage
    - resists tension, twisting and expansion forces
  • General Structure of Intervertrbal disc
    1. Body or centrum
    - disc shape
    - weight bearing

    2. Vertebral arch
    - two pedicle (feet)
    - two laminae (plates)

    Together forms VERTEBRAL FORAMINA
  • Two processes involved in interverbal disc
    1. Spinous (posteriorly)
    2. Transverse (laterally)
  • Peripheral nerves from superior to inferior
    1. Vein
    2. Artery
    3. Nerve
  • Define Roots
    Dorsal= sensory
    Ventral= motor
    segregated information
  • Types of motor information
    1. Somatic
    - control voluntary movements

    2. Autonomic
    - regulates involuntary process
    - eg: heart rate, blood pressure and respiratory
  • Define Rami
    Short, fusion of roots
    Mixed communication and nerves
  • What is the skull broken into?
    1. Cranium
    2. Facial bones
  • What ligaments are involved in the vertebral column
    1. anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments
    - anterior= body and discs (hyperextension)
    - posterior= just discs (hyperflexion)

    2. Ligamentum flavum
    - elastic connective tissue
    - stretch and recoil