Mutation

• A _____is a section of DNA (genetic code).

  gene
• A _________ is a change that occurs in our DNA code (sequence of nucleotides).

  genetic mutation
• The four nucleotides are:

  •Adenine (A)

  •Cytosine (C)

  •Guanine (G)

  •Thymine (T)
• Sometimes, mistakes happen during the DNA copying process, leading to changes called ________.

  mutations
• What is the role of DNA and RNA in making proteins?

  DNA contains the genetic information in making proteins in the form of RNA.
• What are the two processes for making protein?

  The process of transcription and translation
• What is transcription and the end product of the transcription process?

  Transcription is the process of copying DNA sequence into RNA and the end product of the transcription process is RNA.
• What is translation and the end product of the translation process?

  Translation is the process of converting information in mRNA into a sequence of amino acids in a protein and the end product of the translation process is protein.
• Mutation is a change of genetic material more specifically a change within a nucleic acid.
• Mutations are changes of genetic material, more specifically changes within a nucleic acid like RNA or DNA
• Anything with RNA or DNA can have a mutation, including animals, plants, fungi, protists, bacteria, Archaea, and viruses
• Neutral mutation


  A mutation where the change in the DNA base does not change the amino acid coded for
• Harmful or helpful mutation

  Mutations can have negative or positive effects
• Mutations are random, the organism cannot "will" itself to get a certain mutation
• Factors that can increase mutation likelihood

  • External factors like chemicals or radiation
  • Internal factors like problems with DNA replication
• Gene mutations


  1. Change in one or more DNA bases

  2. Can affect the proteins produced and an organism's traits
• Types of gene mutations


  • Substitution
  • Insertion
  • Deletion
• Frameshift mutation


  When an insertion or deletion changes the reading frame of the genetic code, affecting all subsequent amino acids
• Chromosomal mutations


  • Duplication
  • Deletion
  • Inversion
  • Translocation
• Mutations can occur during meiosis, leading to nondisjunction and egg/sperm cells with too many or too few chromosomes
• Mutation in a protist


  Can be passed to daughter cells during asexual reproduction
• Mutation in a fruit fly

  Can be passed to offspring if in the genetic material of the sperm or egg cell
• Fruit flies are frequently studied for mutations and how they are inherited
• Sickle cell anemia


  Genetic disorder caused by a mutation in the gene coding for hemoglobin, affecting red blood cell shape and oxygen transport
• Individuals with one copy of the sickle cell mutation are carriers and have some protection against malaria
• Studying mutations and genetic disorders is an important field, with genetic counselors helping families affected by genetic disorders
• Mutation


  A change that occurs in our DNA code (sequence of nucleotides)
• The four nucleotides


  • Adenine (A)
  • Cytosine (C)
  • Guanine (G)
  • Thymine (T)
• Mutation


  A change of genetic material more specifically a change within a nucleic acid
• External factors that can cause mutation

  • Radiation
  • Chemicals
  • High temperature
  • Microbial infections
• Types of mutation


  • Gene mutation
  • Chromosomal mutation
• Gene Mutation


  • Substitution
  • Insertion
  • Deletion
• Chromosomal Mutation


  • Duplication
  • Deletion
  • Inversion
  • Translocation
• Mutagens


  Agents that cause alteration in the DNA and can lead to permanent mutations in the DNA sequence
• Causes of mutation


  • Spontaneous mutation
  • Induced mutation
• Spontaneous mutation


  When something went wrong in the process of replicating or forming the gametes
• Induced mutation


  Environmental factors like radiation, chemicals, high temperature, and microbial infections
• Types of Mutation


  • Point mutation/Gene mutation
  • Frameshift mutation/Chromosomal
• Point mutation/Gene mutation


  • Substitution mutation
  • Nonsense mutation
  • Missense mutation
  • Silent mutation
• Nonsense mutation


  Results in the formation of a stop codon due to the substitution of one nitrogenous base