LESSON 4

• Cutaneous Respiratory System - It is comprised of the skin or the body surface. The thin surface leads to the organism breathing through their skin.
• Branchial Respiratory System - it includes the book gills and gills. 
• Tracheal Respiratory System - found in centipedes, millipedes, some insects, and spiders. The trachea uses thin-walled branching and interconnecting air tubes.
• Pulmonary Respiratory System - It includes book lungs, pulmonary sacs, and true lungs.
• Gas exchange happens in air sacs called alveoli
• complete the missing parts:

  A) larynx

  B) lung

  C) bronchus

  D) trachea

  E) bronchiole

  F) alveoli

  
• • Blood delivers oxygen, hormones, glucose into other parts of the human body, including the heart.
  • Ensures that there is adequate blood pressure maintained in the body.
• Heart - A muscular organ that is about the size of a clenched fist
• The heart has two upper chambers called atria and lower chambers called ventricles.
• The chambers are separated by a septum to separate the oxygenated blood and deoxygenated blood to prevent it from becoming toxic.
•  Atrium/Atria - have relatively thin walls, collecting blood to the heart.
• Ventricles have thicker walls as it pumps blood.
• Inferior Vena Cava - the largest vein of the human body. Carries the deoxygenated blood from the lower region of the body to the heart.
• Superior Vena Cava - carries blood from the upper region of the body (head, neck, upper chest, and arms) to the heart.
• Right Atrium - receives deoxygenated blood from the body through the vena cava.
• Left Atrium - receives oxygenated blood from the capillaries of the lungs through the pulmonary veins.
• Right Ventricle - receives deoxygenated blood from the right atrium and pumps it into the pulmonary circulation
• Left Ventricle - receives oxygenated blood from the left atrium and pumps it into the aorta.
• Pulmonary Artery - carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the capillaries of the lungs. 
• Pulmonary Veins - transfers oxygenated 

  blood from the capillaries of the lungs to the heart. 
•  Aorta - largest artery in the body. Carries oxygen-rich blood from the left ventricle to the heart to other parts of the body.
• Valves - prevent the backflow of blood.
• Tricuspid Valve - separates the right atrium and right ventricle. If the right atrium is filled with blood, it will open to the right ventricle.
• Mitral Valve - left atrioventricular valve
• Atrioventricular Valves - Tricuspid Valve, Mitral Valve
• Aortic Valve - between the aorta and left ventricle
• Pulmonary valve - between the pulmonary artery and right ventricle.
• Semilunar Valves - Aortic Valve , Pulmonary valve
• Arteries - thick walled as they gain strict pressure as blood pressure passes through them.
• Veins - thin walled as they simply carry blood, thus not much pressure.
• Capillaries - carries blood to organs as they are directly attached to the organs.
• Red Blood Cells - the color is due to the presence of hemoglobin. The redder the blood, the more efficient it is to carry oxygen.
• White Blood Cells - wards off infection
• Platelets - blood clotting. First tog o to the site of wound or injury, creating the film thrombin, It then seals the wound.
• Pulmonary circulation -carries the deoxygenated blood from the right chambers of the heart to the lungs to pick up oxygen and return to the left chambers of the heart.
• Systemic circulation - carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the different parts of the body.