My notes

• Anatomy and Physiology (A&P)


  Field that covers structure (anatomy) and function (physiology) of the human body
• Anatomy and Physiology


  • Relevant for careers in health-related fields
  • Principles applicable to other living organisms
• Homeostasis


  Internal balance
• Learning strategies


  Recommended for optimal understanding and retention
• Getting to Know Your Textbook

  • Introduction to basic principles of learning
  • Importance of integrating text with visuals for better comprehension
  • Transition from text-only reading to text-art integration for effective learning
  • Emphasis on the integration of text and art in this textbook for enhanced learning
• Anatomy of a Chapter

  • Sections with text-art integration and specific learning outcomes
  • Sectional layout for logical navigation and efficient learning
  • Callouts to figures for integration of text with art
• Strategy #1


  Read text, study corresponding image for better understanding
• Learning Outcomes


  • Educational objectives with key verbs targeting specific skills
  • Appear at beginning of each chapter and within chapter headings
  • Tied directly to testing and indicate what students should be able to do after studying
• Learning Classification Scheme


  Identifies fundamental levels of learning from lower to higher order skills
• Basic Strategies


  1. Read narrative and study corresponding image

  2. Pay attention to learning outcomes for guidance on what to achieve
• Anatomy


  Study of internal and external body structures and their physical relationships
• Physiology


  Study of how living organisms perform vital functions
• Integration of Anatomy and Physiology


  • Both are closely integrated in theory and practice
  • Anatomical information provides clues about functions, and physiological processes are explained in terms of underlying anatomy
• Principle of Complementarity of Structure and Function


  • Specific functions performed by specific structures
  • Form of a structure relates to its function
• Approaches of Anatomists and Physiologists

  • Anatomists focus on structural relationships
  • Physiologists focus on functional characteristics
• Textbook Approach


  • Descriptive anatomy precedes consideration of related functions
  • Organ systems may have diverse functions, with individual organ functions considered separately
  • Some systems have organs working extensively together, with overall physiology discussed after anatomy
• Digestive system


  • Discussion of salivary glands and tongue functions separately
• Lymphatic and cardiovascular systems


  • Overall physiology discussed after describing anatomy because the the organs work together so extensively
• Gross (macroscopic) anatomy


  Examines structures visible to the naked eye
• Microscopic anatomy


  Focuses on structures visible only with the aid of a microscope
• Forms of Gross Anatomy

  • Surface Anatomy
  • Regional Anatomy
  • Sectional Anatomy
  • Systemic Anatomy
  • Clinical Anatomy
  • Developmental Anatomy
• Surface Anatomy


  Study of body's surface form in relation to deeper parts
• Regional Anatomy


  Focuses on specific body areas like head, neck, or trunk
• Sectional Anatomy


  Examines cross sections of tissues or organs
• Systemic Anatomy


  Studies organ systems' structure and functional relationships
• Clinical Anatomy


  Subspecialties include pathological, radiographic, and surgical anatomy
• Developmental Anatomy


  • Describes changes from conception to adulthood
  • Techniques similar to gross and microscopic anatomy
  • Extensive changes occur in the first two months of development; embryology studies early developmental processes
• Microscopic anatomy


  • Deals with structures requiring magnification to see
  • Boundaries determined by equipment limits
• Subdivisions of Microscopic Anatomy

  • Cytology
  • Histology
• Cytology


  Study of internal structure of individual cells
• Histology


  Examination of tissues, groups of specialized cells performing specific functions
• Importance of Basic Chemistry

  Essential for understanding chemical processes in cells
• Tissues and Organs


  • Tissues combine to form organs with specific functions
  • Organs transition from microscopic to gross anatomy when easily examinable without a microscope
• Physiology


  • Study of the functions, or workings, of the human body
  • Complex processes, more difficult to examine than anatomical structures
• Specialties in physiology


  • Cell physiology
  • Organ physiology
  • Systemic physiology
  • Pathological physiology
• Cell physiology


  Study of cell functions and chemical processes within and among cells
• Organ physiology


  Study of specific organ functions (e.g., cardiac physiology)
• Systemic physiology


  Study of functioning of specific organ systems (e.g., cardiovascular, respiratory, reproductive physiology)
• Pathological physiology


  Study of disease effects on organ or system functions
• Physicians


  Use anatomical, physiological, chemical, and psychological information in patient evaluation