ATP-ADP Cycle

• ATP


  Adenosine triphosphate, a molecule that serves as the primary energy carrier in cells

  
• ATP


  • Stores and releases energy during cellular processes such as metabolism, muscle contraction, and active transport across cell membranes
• Cyrus Fiske & Yellapragada Subbarow, Aladár Jendrassik and Karl Lohmann: 'Led to the discovery of the structure of ATP'
• Discovery of ATP structure

  1. Justus von Liebig found "inosinic acid"

  2. Karl Lohmann isolated ATP from muscle and liver extracts and figured out its parts

  3. Alexander Todd made ATP artificially in 1948

  
• Structure of ATP


  Adenosine and three phosphate groups bonded together, with the bond between the second and third phosphate groups having the highest and most accessible energy

  
• Endergonic reaction


  Requires energy to start and progress, products have higher energy than starting materials

  
• Exergonic reaction


  Releases energy spontaneously, products have lower energy than starting materials

  
• Coupled reaction


  1. Energy released from one exergonic reaction is used to drive another endergonic reaction

  2. Example: ATP hydrolysis releases energy used to phosphorylate glucose

  
• Anabolism


  Reactions that build molecules and require energy

  
• Catabolism


  Reactions that break down molecules and release energy
• Circadian rhythm


  Maintains regular or patterned processes in the body within a 24-hour cycle

  
• Anabolism and catabolism are regulated to prevent them from happening simultaneously
• For heterotrophs like humans, energy primarily comes from the food we eat
• Obtaining energy from food

  1. Digestive system breaks down food into smaller molecules

  2. Smaller molecules absorbed into bloodstream and transported to cells

  3. Utilized in metabolic pathways to produce ATP from ADP
• BMI (Body Mass Index)


  Measure of body's proportion in terms of weight and height, invented by Lambert Adolphe Jacques Quetelet in the 1830s

  
• BMR (Body or Basal Metabolic Rate)


  Minimum amount of energy in the form of calories needed for the body's normal functions, measured using body surface area, age, and sex
• ATP


  stands for adenosine triphosphate
• Adenosine triphosphate


  is a molecule that serves as the primary energy carrier in cells
• Adenosine triphosphate


  stores and releases energy during cellular processes such as metabolism, muscle contraction, and active transport across cell membranes
• Adenosine triphosphate


  was discovered by two competing teams in Harvard University
• The Journal of Biological Chemistry

  published by Fiske and Subbarow
• Karl Lohmann


  worked as head assistant in Meyerhof's institute
• Karl Lohmann


  he isolated ATP from muscle and liver extracts
• Justus von Liebig


  discovered the demaination product of adenine nucleotide by isolating a compound referred as "inosinic acid"
• Cyrus Fiske


  American biochemist
• Cyrus Fiske


  known for his work on enzyme chemistry
• Cyrus Fiske


  developed the Fiske-Subbarow method for determining phosphorus levels
• Yellapragada Subbarow


  Indian biochemist
• Yellapragada Subbarow


  made significant contributions to nucleic acid research
• Yellapragada Subbarow


  developed chemotherapy drugs
• Aladár Jendrassik


  Hungarian biochemist
• Aladár Jendrassik


  developed biochemical assays
• Karl Lohmann


  German biochemist
• Alexander Todd


  made ATP artificially
• 1. Adenine

  2. Ribose sugar

  3. Three phosphate groups


  Structure of ATP:
• Cytoplasm


  where the small storage of highly charged ATP molecules are located
• Endergonic


  absorb energy
• Exergonic


  release energy
• Endergonic reactions (ex., photosynthesis)


  make complex molecules like fats and sugars
• 1. Making proteins

  2. Muscle movement

  3. Nerve signals


  Endergonic reactions happen during processes like: