lecture 1

• engineering geology

  •Deals with application of geology for a safe, stable, and economic design and construction of a civil engineering project.
• engineering geology

  •Application of geological knowledge in planning, designing and construction of civil engineering projects.
• general geology

  •Deals with the earth sciences. Geology deals with the study of the Earth as a planet.
• geo

  • earth
• logos

  • science
• geology in construction jobs

  • planning
  • design
  • construction
• planning

  • topographic maps
  • hydrological maps
  • geological maps
• topographic maps

  • Give details that are essential to understand relative merits and demerits of all the possible sites for the proposed structure. The presence of nature of slopes, size, contours and depths of valleys and gorges and rate of change of elevation in various directions can be easily computed from such maps.
• hydrological maps

  • Give details about the distribution and geometry of the surface water channels and also the occurrence and depth contours of ground water below the surface of the earth.
• geological maps

  • Petrological characters and structural disposition of rock types as developed in the proposed area are depicted in geological maps. This gives the engineer useful information regarding the fracturing and displacement that the site rocks might have undergone in the past.
• design

  • This is the application of geological characters and conditions that finally dictate the broad contours of the engineering design of an engineering project, be it a high rise building, road, bridge, dam or a tunnel, etc.
• construction

  • Geological knowledge is applied and it is of great value to an engineer to the selection and proper use of the right type of materials of construction derived from the natural bedrocks, soils, banks and beaches.
• The water resources engineer has to understand the water cycle in all essential details.
• Study of water cycle is an essential pre-requisite for effective planning and execution of major water resources development programs on national and regional levels.
• •Land utilization in as best and aesthetic manner as possible for developing cities and towns for meeting social needs in different areas.
• branches of geology

  • physical geology
  • geomorphology
  • mineralogy
  • petrology
  • historical geology
  • economic geology
• physical geology

  • It deals with the origin , development and ultimate fate of various surface features of the Earth and also with its internal structure.
• geomorphology

  • •Is a part of Physical Geology, deals specifically with the study of surface features of the Earth. Primarily on the Land surface.
• mineralogy

  • •The basic building units of which the solid crust of the earth is made up. Deals with formation, occurrence, aggregation, properties and uses of minerals.
• petrology

  • Study of the origin, composition and structure of rocks; studies wide range of rocks including igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks
• historical geology

  • •Deals with the past history of earth as deciphered from the study of rocks and features associated with them. Rocks may be treated as pages of the Earth’s History.
• economic geology

  • •This branch deals with the study of those minerals and rocks and other materials (fuels etc) occurring on and in the earth that can be exploited for the benefit of man. This include a wide variety of ores of all the metals and non metals, building stones, salt deposits, fuels (coal, petroleum, natural gas and atomic minerals)
• This include a wide variety of ores of all the metals and non metals, building stones, salt deposits, fuels (coal, petroleum, natural gas and atomic minerals)
• •In its shape, the Earth is commonly described as a spheroid.
• •It has an equatorial diameter of 12757.776 km and a polar diameter of 12713.824 km.
• •It has a mean density of 5.517 gm/cm^3
• •Volume of 1.083x10^27 cm^3
• •It has a mass of 5.975x10^27 g
• divisions for part of the earth

  • atmosphere
  • hydrosphere
  • biosphere
• atmosphere

  •The outer gaseous part of the Earth starting from the surface and extending as far as 700km and even beyond.
• atmospshere

  • It makes only about one-millionth part of the total mass of the Earth. 
• chemical composition of the atmosphere

  • nitrogen (78.084)
  • oxygen (20.946)
  • argon (00.934)
  • carbon dioxide (00.003)
• layers of atmosphere

  • troposphere
  • stratosphere
  • mesosphere
  • thermosphere
  • ionosphere
  • exosphere
• troposphere

  • •It is the lowermost zone of the atmosphere rising from the surface of the earth and extending, on an average to a height of 11km.
• •troposphere upper boundary called tropopause lies at about 9km above the poles and at 18km above the equator.
• stratosphere

  • •It is the second layer of the atmosphere starting from the tropopause and extending up to an average height of 50km.
• stratospshere

  • •The temperature becomes constant for a height of 20km (above tropopause) and then starts increasing.
• stratosphere ozone layer

  • •Starts at a height of 9km above the surface and continues up to 35km. The Maximum concentration of ozone in this layer is estimated at a height of 20-25km.
• mesosphere

  • •This is the third thermal zone of atmosphere which begins at stratopause at about 50km above the surface and continues up to a height of about 80km.
• thermosphere

  • •The fourth and last zone of the atmosphere starts at about 80km and extends up to 500km and beyond.