transport systems - animals

• Blood contains plasma, red blood cells and white blood cells. It transports nutrients, oxygen and carbon dioxide.
• red blood cells have no nucleus, allowing more space for oxygen
• red blood cells are bioconcave in shape, giving them a bigger surface area to carry more oxygen
• Red blood cells contain the chemical haemoglobin, oxygen binds to this to be transported around the body as oxyhaemoglobin.
• White blood cells are part of the immune system and destroy pathogens
• It is haemoglobin that binds to oxygen. This process happens in the alveoli in the lungs, where the oxygen concentration is high.

  Oxygen + Haemoglobin → Oxyhaemoglobin

  This is a reversible reaction and oxygen will dissociate from haemoglobin in body tissues, where there is a low concentration of oxygen.

  Oxygen + Haemoglobin ← Oxyhaemoglobin
• Phagocytosis is the process by which phagocytes will engulf and digest the pathogen.

  1. Phagocyte surrounds the pathogen
  2. Phagocyte engulfs the pathogen and encloses it in a vacuole
  3. Digestive enzymes within lysosomes in phagocytes digest the pathogen

  
• Lymphocytes produce antibodies which will bind to a specific protein on the pathogen, called an antigen.

  Antibodies will bind to several pathogens preventing the pathogen from spreading and allowing phagocytes to engulf the pathogen.

  Antibodies are specific and only one antibody is specific to one pathogen.
• Circulatory system:

  transports oxygen, food and nutrients around the body as well as taking waste products out.

  The heart, arteries, veins, capillaries, and lungs make up the circulatory system.

  
• main structures of the heart:

  A) pulmonary atrery

  B) aorta

  C) vena cava

  D) right artarium

  E) valve

  F) right ventricle

  G) pulmonary vein

  H) left artarium

  I) valve

  J) left ventricle

  
• flow of blood through the heart

  A) Deoxygenated blood from the body

  B) to the lungs

  C) to the body

  D) Oxygenated blood from the lungs

  
• The heart is a muscle, so it also needs energy, this energy is supplied by coronary arteries.

  A) right coronary artery

  B) left coronary artery

  C) pulmonary vein

  D) pulmonary atrery

  E) aorta

  F) vena cava

  
• • Arteries take blood away from the heart to the organs and other body tissues. Arteries have a narrow internal diameter and thick muscular walls. This allows them to carry blood that is at a high pressure.

  
• • Veins carry blood under low pressure from the capillaries and return the blood to the heart. The vein walls have thinner muscular walls than arteries and have a wider internal diameter. Veins contain valves to prevent the backflow of low-pressure blood.

  
• Capillary networks line the organs so oxygen and nutrients can absorbed into the organ’s cells for respiration, waste materials, such as carbon dioxide must be absorbed back into the bloodstream to be removed.
• Tissues contain capillary networks to allow the exchange of gas at a cellular level

  
• 1. Vena cava - brings deoxygenated blood from the body into the right atrium
  2. Right Atrium - pump blood into the Right ventricle
  3. Right ventricle - pumps blood out of the heart
  4. Pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs

  
• 1. pulmonary vein - carries oxygenaed blood from the lungs to the left atrium
  2. left atrium - pumps blood into left ventricle
  3. left ventricle - pumps blood out of the body
  4. Aorta carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the rest of the body (except the lungs)