fhs

• Levels of biological organization

  Least complex to most complex: Chemical, Organelle, Cell, Tissue, Organ, Organ System, Organism
• Chemical level


  • Atoms
  • Elements
  • Molecules (e.g. water, protein, sugars)
• Organelle


  Specialized structures within a cell that perform a specific function
• Membrane-bound organelles


  • Nucleus
  • Rough ER
  • Smooth ER
  • Golgi apparatus
  • Lysosomes
  • Mitochondria
  • Vesicles
  • Vacuoles
• Non membrane-bound organelles


  • Ribosomes
  • Centrioles
• Stem cell


  Capable of giving rise to indefinitely more cells of the same type, and from which certain other kinds of cell arise by differentiation
• Types of stem cells

  • Embryonic
  • Adult
• Bone cells


  • Bone lining cells
  • Osteoblasts
  • Osteoclasts
  • Osteocytes
• Blood cells


  • Erythrocyte
  • Leukocyte
  • Thrombocyte
• Muscle cell


  Myocytes are long, tubular cells that develop from myoblasts to form muscles in a process known as myogenesis
• Fat cell


  A fat cell, or adipocyte, is a connective tissue cell that has differentiated and become specialized in the synthesis (manufacture) and storage of fat
• Skin cells


  • Keratinocyte
  • Melanocyte
  • Langerhans
  • Merkel
• Nerve cell parts


  • Dendrites
  • Cell body
  • Axon
  • Axon terminal
• Endothelial cell


  Cells that form the lining of blood vessels, highly adaptable
• Sex cells


  • Sperm cells (male)
  • Egg cells (female)
• Cancer cell


  Cells that divide relentlessly, forming solid tumors or flooding the blood with abnormal cells
• The cell is the basic unit of life because as small as it can be, it performs all the essential functions our body needs in order to survive
• Tissue


  A group of similar cells that perform the same function
• Types of tissue


  • Muscle tissue (skeletal, smooth, cardiac)
  • Nervous tissue
  • Connective tissue
  • Epithelial tissue
• Organ


  A group of different tissues with a specific job
• Organ systems


  • Integumentary
  • Skeletal
  • Muscular
  • Nervous
  • Endocrine
  • Cardiovascular
  • Lymphatic
  • Respiratory
  • Digestive
  • Urinary
  • Male reproductive
  • Female reproductive
• All body systems work hand in hand to keep us alive. Without one, we cannot function well and we will die or go extinct
• Organism


  A living being that has a cellular structure and that can independently perform all physiologic functions necessary for life
• The cell is considered the basic unit of life because as small as it can be, it performs all the essential functions our body needs in order to survive
• Supine


  Lying face up
• Prone


  Lying face down
• Unilateral


  Pertaining to one side of the body
• Bilateral


  Pertaining to both sides of the body
• Lateral Position


  • Patient lies on the side of the body with top leg over the bottom leg
  • This position helps relieve pressure in the coccyx (tail bone)
• Sims Position


  • Patient lies between supine and prone with legs flexed in
• Semi-Fowler's Position


  • Patient's head is placed at a 30-degree angle
  • This position is used for patients who have cardiac or respiratory conditions, and for patients with nasogastric tube
• Trendelenburg Position


  • Placed the head of the bed lower than the feet
  • This position is used in situation as such as hypotension and medical emergencies
  • It helps promote venous return to major organs such as the head and heart
• Arms should be comfortably placed beside the patient, not underneath