3i

• Research Polit & Beck (2004)


  It follows a step by step process of investigation that uses a standardized approach
• Research Palispis (2004)


  It plays an important role in tertiary education. Though there are many problems confronted by higher education, developments are realized through research
• Research Sanchez (1999)


  It is an investigation following ordered steps leading to a discovery of new information or concepts
• Research Basey, as cited by Coleman & Briggs (2002)


  It is a very careful investigation of something that purports the distribution of additional or new knowledge
• Research Crawford, as cited by Alcantara & Espina (1995)


  It tests the approach of thinking and employing validated instruments and steps
• Characteristics of Research


  • It should be systematic
  • It should be objective
  • It should be feasible
  • It should be empirical
  • It should be clear
• General Forms of Research

  • Scientific
  • Research in the Humanities
  • Artistic
• Scientific Research


  • Naturally occurring phenomena are examined
  • Systematic process that involves formulating hypotheses, testing predictions using relevant data
• Research in the Humanities

  Seeks to define the purpose of human existence
• Artistic Research


  Provides alternative approaches to establish concepts by conducting practical methods as substitutes for fundamental and theoretical ones
• Qualitative Research


  Naturalistic method of inquiry of research which deals with the issue of human complexity by exploring it directly
• Types of Qualitative Research

  • Phenomenological Study
  • Ethnographic Study
  • Case study
  • Grounded Theory
  • Basic Interpretative Qualitative Study
• Phenomenological Study


  Lived Experiences
• Ethnographic Study


  Cultural groups or minorities
• Case study


  In depth examination of an individual, groups of people, or an institution
• Grounded Theory


  Comparing collected units of data against one another
• Basic Interpretative Qualitative Study

  How individuals give meanings (Perception-based)
• Strengths of Qualitative Research

  • Useful to conduct limited in-depth case studies or interviews
  • Useful for describing complex phenomena
  • Useful for specific environment, context and condition
  • Include researcher and people's personal experiences of phenomena
  • Research is more dynamic and flexible
  • Research findings in words and narrative could explain the phenomena better and more in-depth
• Weaknesses of Qualitative Research

  • Research findings might not be general and it applies to specific context
  • Insufficient research data to test hypotheses and build theory
  • Data collection and analysis could be time consuming
  • Data collection and analysis could be resource intensive
  • Research results are easily influenced by the researcher's personal biases
• Quantitative Research


  Systematic investigation of observable phenomena where the researcher gathers quantitative or numerical data and subjects them to statistical method
• Types of Quantitative Research

  • Descriptive
  • Correlational
  • Ex Post Facto
  • Quasi Experimental
  • Experimental
• Descriptive Quantitative Research


  Report and observe certain phenomena
• Correlational Quantitative Research


  It shows the relationship of the variables
• Ex Post Facto Quantitative Research


  It shows causes to effect
• Quasi Experimental Quantitative Research

  Cause and effect that go with intact groups
• Experimental Quantitative Research


  Cause and effect that proceed to extensive variable manipulation
• Strengths of Quantitative Research

  • Easy to implement the research (surveys, questionnaire)
  • Relatively quick to gather research data
  • Provides precise and numerical research data
  • Useful for large sampling size
  • Relatively faster to analyze research data (SPSS)
  • Easier to interpret research data
• Weaknesses of Quantitative Research

  • Researcher's theory and hypotheses might not reflect real phenomena
  • Research data gathered could be too general
  • Research results might not be in-depth
  • Research results could be bias as researcher is verifying his/her pre- determined theory and hypotheses instead of building them from the research findings
• Importance of Research


  • Builds credibility
  • Enables efficient learning
  • Enhances knowledge
  • Introduces new ideas
  • Provides the latest information
  • Provides truthful evidence
  • Expands your knowledge base
  • Helps you reach people
  • Developing new technologies
  • Discover and seize opportunities
  • Encourages curiosity
  • Exercises your mind
  • Finding solutions to problems
  • Focuses your scope
  • Helps in business success
  • Helps in understanding issues
  • Teaches discernment
• Research Article


  A journal article in which the authors report on the research they did
• Research Articles are always primary sources
• Whether or not a research article is peer reviewed depends on the journal that publishes it
• Pattern for Published Research Articles

  • Title and Authors(s)
  • Abstract
  • Introduction
  • Methodology
  • Results
  • Discussion
  • Conclusion
  • References
• Format


  • Font Style (Arial)
  • Size (10)
  • Spacing (Single Line)
  • Margin (1 inch)
  • Paper Size (A4)
• TITLE


  Use bold for your article title, with an initial capital letter for any proper nouns
• ABSTRACT


  Italicized with a maximum of 150 words
• HEADINGS


  • First-level headings should be in bold, with an initial capital letter for any proper nouns with a font size of 12
  • Second-level headings researchers name first name first (alphabetical by surname) with a font size of 12
  • Third-level headings should be in italics with a fontsize of 8
• TABLES AND FIGURES


  Show clearly in your article text where the tables and figures should appear, for example, by writing [Table 1 near here]
• DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT


  Tells the reader where the research data associated with a paper is available, and under what conditions the data can be accessed. They also include links (where applicable) to the data set
• RUNNING HEADS AND RECEIVED DATES are not required when submitting a manuscript for review. They will be added during the production process if your article is accepted for publication