Chapter 5 Reviewer

• Economy: The vital part of the country's life.
• Political Economy: It seeks to integrate various disciplines in the analysis of the economy functions
• • What does political economy studies? : distinct interest groups gain access to that power to secure its political power and the economic security of its members.
• Liberalism: set aside and defend a private domain or area separate from the state and government authority
• Where does liberalism started?

  Europe
• What is the main focus of liberalism?

  Individual
• The individual is seen as having the following, what are the 3 components?

  tastes and preferences, talents and capacities, rights and privileges
• What do you call the movement that promotes individual freedom in both the socio-economic and political arenas?

  Freedom Movement
• Is society is nothing but a collection of individuals?

  True
• Does the state should be neutral or above that society in the sense that it should not be seen favoring one or another groups?

  True
• What is Liberalism?


  Ultimate sovereignty resides in the people
• How does Liberalism is expressed?

  Through ballot (political) and market (economic)
• Is market economy is not tied with the promotion of individual freedom?

  False
• What is Marxism in Classical Traditions?


  materialistic conception of history
• It refers to the continuous discovery of new methods of production that makes obsolete any previous discovery - a dynamic process?

  Dialectical Development Economics
• What is the other term of Modes of Production?

  Economic System
• Mode of Production is made up of?

  forces of labor (labor and capital) and relations of production (social or class relations)
• Is mode of production in Marxism not closely tied to socio-economic realities?

  False - closely tied
• Relative Autonomy: a semi-independent state from any undue influence brought to bear on it by powerful interest groups such as the wealthy from the different forces in the society.
• Capitalism: It is the definite historical mode of production with the particular technical and social features of society that carries out the mass production of commodities and mass labor that receives wages for work. 
• Seeds of Contradiction: The exploitative nature of Capitalism
• Is moving from capitalism to socialism to communism a move forward or move backward?

  Move forward
• Industrial Revolution: Dates back to the Industrial Revolution (18th & 19th Century) like both Liberalism and Marxism.
• Counterpoint Tradition: It did not fully accept the assumptions and effects of the Industrial Revolution.

  → Assumptions (Individuals as the center of society). 

  → Effects (Dehumanizing effect of uncontrolled capitalism). 
• Conservative Romanticism: stresses the ugly effects and the worsening of moral and ethical standards brought about by social change. 
• Utopian Socialism: reacted to large-scale industrialism and proposed instead the creation of alternative microsocieties on which production would be based.
• Anarchism: rejected the idea of a state in any form and stressed instead that it would be better to have socio-political organizations that are decentralized. 
• Populism and neopopulism: to pay attention to agriculture and rural society, and to build an alternative society through the efforts of peasantry rather than the workers - the opposite of what the marxists want.
• According to its philosophical parents, the Counterpoint is the result of the following traditions (Hettne 1990)?


  Conservative Romanticism, Utopian Socialism, Anarchism, Populism and neopopulism
• Liberal Tradition:

  • Keynesianism or Social Liberalism emerged in the 1930s from the thoughts and writings of the British economist John Maynard Keynes.
• Liberals?


  Upholds private property and free enterprise
• Welfarism

  • Deeply committed to the "parliamentary road to socialism". 
  • Not able to achieve full socialism in terms of full workers' control of the political and economic arenas of society. 
  • Neo-liberalism came about as a reaction to what were thought of as the failures of Keynesianism, and has become a powerful economic and political philosophy since the 1980s.
• The Marxist Tradition?: The state is first and foremost an "instrument" or tool of the ruling class of capitalists to oppress the workers.
• Where did Marxists compared their belief?

  Ship
• Instrumentalist perspective in Marxist Tradition?

  This perspective takes the view that a society has an economic base (the hall), on which the social and political superstructure (the masts) are bailt. It goes on to say that the superstructure is merely a reflection of the economic base of that society. This superstructure does not develop on its own, apart from the base; the base may be seen as the only important factor in the development of the superstructure.
• He viewed Marxist Tradition as a step further and says that if state is an instrument of a class rule, then society itself is under a dictatorship of the Ruling class?

  Lenin
• The workers must be _________ ______________ to violently seize and destroy the bourgeois-led state and replace it with a dictatorship of the proletariat?

  Socialist Transformation
• Who influences the ideas of Counterpoint tradition?

  Gandhi, Schumacher (Small is Beautiful;), Nyerere (Ujaama Model)
• Where is Counterpoint Tradition visible today?

  Green Movement
• The ideas of Counterpoint Tradition is known as?

  Participatory development and people empowerment