NSTP

• Mass wasting or slope movement


  Geomorphic process by which soil, sand, regolith, and rock move downslope typically as a mass influenced by gravity and frequently affected by water
• Geomorphic process


  Refers to the changing evolution of topographic features of the Earth, created by various physical process taking place on the earths surface
• Bioturbation


  The biological soils and sediments are continuously done by plants and animals, such as burrowing annelids
• Sudden geologic hazard


  Happen very quickly and with little or no waning. Often, these are the recurrent, small-scale, low-severity disasters, observed to be mostly localized event
• Deep-seated landslides


  Have deep sliding surfaces that are located below the maximum rooting depth of trees, often depths at more than 10 meters, and often occurs slowly but in occasional instances move faster
• Topple


  Is similar to a domino falling down when it resting on its narrow edge or, a loaf of bread that is being slide on its width
• Two major types of slide

  • Rotational slide
  • Translational slide
• Rock spread


  Refers to solid or hard ground that pulls from the stable ground in one solid mass
• Block spread


  The weaker underlying may squeeze upward into the fractures
• Liquefaction spread


  The upper stable layer on top
• Rock flow


  Flow movements in bedrock that are slow and usually occurs on slope that are at a 45- 90 degree angle
• Debris flow


  Extremely rapid mass movement in which loose soil, rock and sometimes organic matter such as trees and vegetation
• Debris avalanche


  Large, extremely rapid often open-slope flows formed when an unstable slope collapses and the resulting fragmented debris is rapidly transported away from the slope
• Earthflow


  Usually occur on gentle to moderate slope, generally in fine-grained soil, commonly clay or silt
• Mudflow


  An earthflow consisting of material that is wet enough to flow rapidly wherein more than half are sand, silt and clay
• Human causes

  • Removal of vegetation
  • Overloading slopes
  • Mining and quarrying activities
• Hydrometeorological disciplines

  • Meteorology
  • Hydrology
  • Oceanology
• Typhoon


  • A large, violent, and powerful tropical cyclone
  • A low pressure area rotating counter-clockwise and containing rising warm air that forms over warm water in the Western Pacific Ocean
  • Less powerful tropical cyclones are called Tropical Depression and Tropical Storms

  
• El Niño


  When the sea surface temperature in the Pacific Ocean warms up by about 0.5 degrees Celsius higher than usual for several months, occurring every 3-5 years

  
• Hydrometeorological hazards are processes of atmospheric, hydrological or oceanographic nature, which cause the loss of lives, injury, or other health impacts, damages to property, loss of livelihoods and services, social and economic disruption, and environmental change
• Different hydrometeorological hazards


  • Lightning
  • Hail
  • Tornado
  • Strong wind
  • Flood (baha)
  • Flashflood
  • Storm surge
  • Heat wave
  • Wind shear
  • Snowmelt (snow run-off)
  • Desertification
  • Sandstorm

  
• Return period


  The probability and estimated time interval between similar extreme events like heavy rain and typhoons, based on historical data