PR 1 Chap 3

• Research Design


  • A scheme or plan of action for meeting the objectives
  • A blueprint for conducting a study that maximize control over factors that could interfere with the validity of the findings
• Qualitative Research Design

  • Historical Study
  • Ethnography
  • Phenomenology
  • Case Study
  • Grounded Theory
• Historical Method


  • The objective is to interpret events in the light of the present situation
  • It tells you the right research method to determine the reason for change or permanence of things in the physical world in a certain period
• Ethnography


  • Defined as the environment or setting where the behavior occurs
  • It involves a study of a certain cultural group or organization in which you, the researcher, to obtain knowledge about characteristics, organizational set-up, and relationships of the group members, must necessarily involved in their group activities
• Phenomenology


  • A phenomenon is something you experience on Earth as a person
  • It aims to getting a thorough understanding of an individual's life experiences for this same person's realistic dealings with hard facts of life
  • It makes you follow a research method that will let you understand the ways of how people go through inevitable events in their lives
• Case Study


  • The aim is to determine why such creature (person, organization, thing, or event) acts, behave, occur, or exist in particular manner
  • Interview, observation, and questionnaire
• Grounded Theory


  • The main idea in this design is to conceptualize and create a theory grounded or based on the data gathered on the field
  • The creation of theory is derived in the words and actions of the individuals under study or data, through various forms of data collection such as survey, case study, interview, life history, secondary data, quantitative data, videos, audios, etc.
• Locale of the Study


  The setting of the study
• Population/Universe


  • In statistics denotes the aggregate from which sample (items) is to be taken
  • A population can be defined as including all people or items with the characteristic one wishes to understand
• Sampling Frame


  The list from which the potential respondents are drawn
• Sample


  A smaller (but hopefully representative) collection of units from a population used to determine truths about that population
• Sampling Methods

  • Non Probability
  • Probability
  • Mixed

  
• Judgment/Purposive/Deliberate Sampling


  • It depend exclusively on the judgment of the investigator
  • Sample selected which researcher thinks to be most typical of the universe

  
• Convenience Sampling


  • Convenient sample units selected
  • Selected based on their availability
• Quota Sampling


  Within the quota, selection depends on the personal judgment

  
• Snowball Sampling


  • A special non probability method used when the desired sample characteristic is rare
  • It may be extremely difficult or cost prohibitive to locate respondents in these situations
  • Snowball sampling relies on referrals from initial subjects to generate additional subjects

  
• Simple Random Sampling


  Each unit has an equal opportunity of being selected
• Data Gathering Procedure


  Data collection is defined as the procedure of collecting, measuring and analyzing accurate insights for research using standard validated techniques
• Research Instrument


  A research instrument is a tool used to obtain, measure, and analyze data from subjects around the research topic
• Research Instruments

  • Questionnaire
  • Interview
  • Observation
  • Checklist
• Questionnaire


  • The most common instrument or tool of research for obtaining the data
  • Closed form - it has fixed number of questions and a limited choice of answer
  • Open form - it consist a number of questions, the answers are in the form of essay and the content may vary depending on the respondents
• Interview


  It is a sense of an oral questionnaire, instead of writing the response, the interviewee gives the need information orally and face to face
• Checklist


  The simplest device, consist of a prepared list of items, the presence or absence of the item may be indicated by inserting the appropriate word or number
• Observation


  • Perceiving data through the senses: sight, hearing, taste, smell, and touch
  • Most direct way used in studying individual behavior
• Statistical Treatment


  • A way of removing researcher bias by interpreting the data statistically rather than subjectively
  • Statistical treatment of data is essential in order to make use of the data in the right form
• Data Analysis (Qualitative)

  • Prepare and organize your data
  • Review and explore your data
  • Develop a data coding system
  • Assign codes to the data
  • Identify recurring themes
• Qualitative Data Analysis Approaches

  • Content analysis
  • Thematic analysis
  • Textual analysis
  • Discourse analysis