gender

• heidensohn and silvestri


  gender differences are the most significant feature of recorded crime
• chivalry thesis


  The belief that the police and courts, because they are male dominated, are easier on women
• pollack


  argues men have a protective attitude towards women
• hood


  studied over 3000 defendants- found that women were 1/3 less likely to be jailed in similar cases
• Farrington and Morris


  studied sentencing of 408 offences of theft in a magistrates court- found women were not sentenced more leniently
• heidensohn


  argues the courts treat females more harshly then males when they deviate from gender norms
• Sharpe


  found that 7/11 girls referred for support because they were sexually active but not the boys
• carlen


  argued that women are jailed not because of crime but because they have strayed away from traditional gender norms
• parsons


  sex role theory

  instrumental role- men

  expressive role- women

  boys reject feminine role, distant themselves from this leading to crime
• Cohen


  lack of male role model means boys more likely to turn to gangs
• walklate


  criticises parsons- his theory is based on biological assumptions

  parsons assumes that as women have biological capacity to bear children they should take on expressive role
• heidensohn


  patriarchal control

  women are conformist due to patriarchal society imposing greater control over women
• feminist approaches of crime

  control theory

  liberation thesis
• dobash and dobash


  found that many violent attacks result from mens dissatisfaction with their wives' performance of domestic duties
• lees


  found that in school, boys maintain control through sexualised verbal abuse

  e.g labelling girls as 'slags
• glass ceiling


  prevents women from rising to senior positions
• carlen


  class and gender deals

  used instructed tape-recorded interviews on 39 wc women who've been convicted of various crimes

  inspired hirschi control theory
• hirschi - control theory 


  argues that humans act rationally and are controlled by being offered a 'deal'

  4 bonds each individual needs to have in order to prevent them from committing crime

  1. commitment
  2. involvement
  3. attachment
  4. belief
• class deal


  argued by carlen

  women who work will be offered material rewards, with a decent standard of living an leisure opportunities
• gender deal


  argued by carlen

  patriarchal ideology promises women material and emotional rewards from family life by conforming to the norms of housewife
• adler


  liberation thesis

  argues that as women are becoming more liberated from patriarchy, their crimes become more frequent and serious

  as women now have more confidence and freedom
• denscombe


  studied growth of girl gangs through self images

  found that females were as likely as males to engage in risk taking behaviour
• Chesney-lind


  criticises adler

  found that poor and marginalised women more likely than liberated mc to be criminals
• messerschmidt


  hegemonic masculinity- dominant form that men wish to accomplish

  masculinity is a social construct
• messerschmidt


  sees crime and deviance as resources that different men may use for accomplishing masculinity.
• white middle class youths

  messerschmidt argues these groups of boys have to subordinate themselves to teachers in order to achieve mc status

  
  

  outside school they're the opposite e.g drinking
• white working class youths


  messerschmidt argues this group have less chance go academic success have more oppositional masculinity e.g willis 'lads' study
• black lower working class youths

  messerschmidt argues this group are victims of racism and lack opportunities therefore turn to gang membership
• winlow


  postmodernity and masculinity

  studied bouncers in Sunderland - area provided men with solution to crisis of masculinity, working as bouncers provided 'male' jobs

  has led to organised criminal subculture e.g drug selling