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• Earthquake shocks


  Main shocks are a series of initial strong shakings, aftershocks are tremors following the main shocks
• Liquefaction


  A phenomenon in which a soil's strength and stiffness is reduced by earthquake shaking, causing the soil to behave like a liquid
• Volcano


  A rent or ruptures in the earth's layer over which liquefied rock from under the earth's exterior erupts
• Volcano


  • Develops "upward and outward," forming mountains, islands or large flat plateaus
  • Formed through the accumulation of materials such as lava, ashflows and plates
• Parts of a Volcano

  • Ash
  • Crater
  • Lava
  • Secondary vent
  • Main vent
  • Layers of lava and ash
  • Magma
  • Magma chamber
• Active volcano


  A volcano that has had at least one eruption during the past 10,000 years
• Erupting volcano


  An active volcano that is having an eruption
• Dormant volcano


  An active volcano that is not erupting, but supposed to erupt again
• Extinct volcano


  Has not had an eruption for at least 10,000 years and is not expected to erupt again in a comparable time scale of the future
• Volcanic hazards


  Observable facts that are arising due to volcanic activity such as eruption, with potential threat and crisis that directly affect humans, animals, properties, infrastructure, tourism, and political stability
• Lahar


  • Flow of hot/cold mixture of water and rock materials of a volcano going downstream through its river valleys and slopes
  • Can form in a number of situations such as small slope collapses, rapid melting of snow and ice during eruption, heavy rainfall in loose volcanic debris, or crater lake drainage
• Ash Fall


  • Ashes ejected by a volcanic eruption, consisting of fragments of pulverized rock, minerals and volcanic glass measuring less than 2 mm in diameter
• Pyroclastic flows


  • Contain a high-density mix of hot lava blocks, pumice, ash and volcanic gas, moving at very high speed down volcanic slopes, typically following valleys
  • Consists of a lower basal flow of coarse fragments and a turbulent cloud of ash above
• Volcanic gases


  • Magma contains dissolved gases which provide the driving force for most volcanic eruptions
  • Hazardous gases include carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, and hydrogen halides
• Lava


  • Streams of molten rocks poured or oozed from an erupting vent, during either non-explosive activity or explosive lava fountains
• Ballistic projectiles


  • Rock fragments propelled on ballistic trajectories by volcanic explosions, which can endanger life and property through impact force, burial, and carrying of noxious gases, acids, salts, and heat
• Volcanic eruption is one of the dangerous events that may happen because it results in different hazards such as ballistic projectiles, ash fall, pyroclastic flows, lava flows, volcanic gases, debris avalanche or volcanic landslide, and even tsunami
• Mount Binuluan exhibits active volcanism through numerous fumarole fields, solfataras and hot springs on its slope, with possible unverified eruptions in 1952 and 1986 (or 1987)
• Mount Santo Tomas


  A potentially active stratovolcano in the Philippines, with the last eruption recorded on January 4, 1641
• Mount Santo Tomas is part of the protected Santo Tomas Forest Reserve and has communications and broadcasting relay stations on its summit
• Mount Binuluan


  Belongs to the Ambalatungan volcanic group in Kalinga Province, Luzon Island, Philippines, with a possible steam eruption in 1952 that killed 12 people
• Volcanoes can be exciting and fascinating because of their natural formation, but they can also be very dangerous, with active volcanoes capable of creating harmful or deadly hazards
• Understanding what a volcano can do is the first step in mitigating volcanic hazards, as volcanoes are natural systems with some elements of unpredictability
• Taal Volcano is an active complex volcano in the freshwater Taal Lake, about 50 km south of Manila, continuing to emit hot fumes and ashes today
• The Philippines has 24 active volcanoes, with Mayon, Pinatubo, Taal, Hibok-Hibok, Bulusan, and Kanlaon being the six most active
• Mount Apo


  The highest peak in the Philippines, a large solfataric, dormant stratovolcano on the island of Mindanao
• Mayon Volcano is the most active of the Philippines' 22 active volcanoes, drawing tourists because of its symmetrical cone shape rising more than 8,000 feet above the Albay Gulf
• Volcano


  A rent or ruptures in the earth's layer over which liquefied rock from under the earth's exterior erupts
• Volcano


  • Develops "upward and outward," developing mountains, islands or large flat plateaus
  • Formed through the accumulation of materials such as lava, ashflows and plates
• Parts of a Volcano

  • Ash
  • Crater
  • Lava
  • Secondary vent
  • Main vent
  • Layers of lava and ash
  • Magma
  • Magma chamber
• Active volcano


  A volcano that has had at least one eruption during the past 10,000 years
• Erupting volcano


  An active volcano that is having an eruption
• Dormant volcano


  An active volcano that is not erupting, but supposed to erupt again
• Extinct volcano


  Has not had an eruption for at least 10,000 years and is not expected to erupt again in a comparable time scale of the future
• Volcanic hazards


  Observable facts that are arising due to volcanic activity such as eruption, with potential threat and crisis that directly affect humans, animals, properties, infrastructure, tourism, and political stability
• Lahar


  • Flow of hot/cold mixture of water and rock materials of a volcano going downstream through its river valleys and slopes
  • Can form in a number of situations such as small slope collapses, rapid melting of snow and ice during eruption, heavy rainfall in loose volcanic debris, crater lake drainage
• Ash Fall


  • Ashes ejected by a volcanic eruption consisting of fragments of pulverized rock, minerals and volcanic glass measuring less than 2 mm in diameter
• Destructive characteristics of Lahars


  • Move rapidly down valleys like rivers of concrete
  • Can occur with or without a volcanic eruption
  • Pick up material as they travel, causing damage to structures
  • Cause serious economic and environmental damage to river valleys and flood plains
• Negative effects of Ash Fall


  • Endanger life and property
  • Kill organisms on land and in water
  • Cause respiratory tract problems to humans
  • Ruin machines in industries and aircraft
  • Damage roofing and break power/communication lines
• Pyroclastic flows


  • Contain a high-density mix of hot lava blocks, pumice, ash and volcanic gas
  • Move at very high speed down volcanic slopes, typically following valleys
  • Consist of a lower basal flow of coarse fragments and a turbulent ash cloud above