Urinary system

• Juxtamedullary nephrons

  
  

  A. make up about 80-85% of the nephrons within the kidney.

  
  

  B. allows excretion of very dilute or concentrated urine.

  
  

  C. have renal corpuscles located in the outer portion of the renal cortex.

  
  

  D. have very short nephron loops.

  
  

  E. have very thick descending nephron loops.

  B. allows excretion of very dilute or concentrated urine.
• If the urinary excretion rate of a drug such as penicillin is greater than the rate at which it is filtered at the glomerulus, how else is it getting into the urine?

  
  

  A. movement through intercellular clefts in the glomerular capillaries

  
  

  B. active transport

  
  

  C. blood colloid osmotic pressure

  
  

  D. tubular reabsorption

  
  

  E. tubular secretion

  E. tubular secretion
• Glomerular filtration rate is decreased by all of the following EXCEPT

  
  

  A. increased production of angiotensin II.

  
  

  B. increased secretion of atrial natriuretic peptide.

  
  

  C. increased stretching of of smooth muscle fibers in afferent arterioles.

  
  

  D. increased activity of renal sympathetic nerves.

  B. increased secretion of atrial natriuretic peptide.
• Concentrated urine is formed in part because of the action of symporters which actively reabsorb ions from the fluid in the

  
  

  A. glomerulus.

  
  

  B. proximal convoluted tubules.

  
  

  C. descending limb of the nephron loop.

  
  

  D. thick segment of the ascending nephron loop.

  
  

  E. collecting ducts.

  D. thick segment of the ascending nephron loop.
• Which does NOT promote filtration of large volumes of fluid?

  
  

  A. large surface area presented by glomerular capillaries

  
  

  B. thin and porous filtration membrane

  
  

  C. high capsular hydrostatic pressure

  
  

  D. high capillary blood pressure

  
  

  E. relaxation of mesangial cells

  C. high capsular hydrostatic pressure
• Which of the following would be considered an ABNORMAL finding in a urinalysis?

  
  

  A. urochrome

  
  

  B. transparent

  
  

  C. specific gravity 1.020

  
  

  D. albumin

  
  

  E. pH of 6.0

  D. albumin
• Which does NOT occur with age?

  
  

  A. decline in filtration rate

  
  

  B. increased blood flow to the kidneys because of high blood pressure

  
  

  C. greater chance of renal calculi

  
  

  D. decrease in detrusor muscle stability

  
  

  E. increase in polyuria and nocturia

  B. increased blood flow to the kidneys because of high blood pressure
• All of the following are functions of the kidneys EXCEPT

  
  

  A. removal of worn out red blood cells and pathogens from the blood

  
  

  B. helps to maintain blood pressure, volume, blood composition

  
  

  C. removal of wastes of metabolism from the blood

  
  

  D. assists in maintaining blood pH

  A. removal of worn out red blood cells and pathogens from the blood
• Urine produced by the kidneys is transported by the ______ to the urinary bladder where it is stored until being excreted from the body.

  
  

  A. nephron

  
  

  B. hepatic portal system

  
  

  C. urethra

  
  

  D. ureters

  D. ureters
• A nephron includes a 1. renal corpuscle.2. renal tubule.3. renal capsule.

  
  

  A. 1 only

  
  

  B. 2 only

  
  

  C. 3 only

  
  

  D. 1 and 2 are correct

  
  

  E. 1, 2, and 3 are correct

  D. 1 and 2 are correct
• ADH acts on the _____ to regulate facultative water reabsorption.

  
  

  A. proximal convoluted tubules

  
  

  B. descending portions of the nephron loop

  
  

  C. thick and thin segments of the ascending nephron loop

  
  

  D. early and late distal convoluted tubules

  
  

  E. late distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts


  E. late distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts
• All of the following might be observed in a freshly voided normal urine sample EXCEPT

  
  

  A. amber color.

  
  

  B. transparency.

  
  

  C. ammonia odor.

  
  

  D. pH 6.0.

  
  

  E. specific gravity 1.020.

  C. ammonia odor.
• Which of the following statements is correct?

  
  

  A. The female urethra extends from the internal to external urethral orifices.

  
  

  B. The male urethra is about 20cm long.

  
  

  C. Both the male and the female urethra contain transitional epithelium, stratified columnar epithelium, and stratified squamous epithelium.

  
  

  D. All of the statements are correct.

  
  

  E. None of the statements are correct.

  D. All of the statements are correct.
• Regulation of urine osmolarity occurs because of1. countercurrent multiplication in the loop of Henle.2. countercurrent exchange in the vasa recta.3. countercurrent flow in the collecting ducts.

  
  

  A. 1 only

  
  

  B. 2 only

  
  

  C. 3 only

  
  

  D. 1 and 2 are correct

  
  

  E. 1, 2, and 3 are correct

  D. 1 and 2 are correct
• Which of the following cells are not part of the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

  
  

  A. Granular cells

  
  

  B. Mesangial cells

  
  

  C. Macula densa cells

  
  

  D. Podocytes


  D. Podocytes
• Which of the following factors can affect GFR?

  
  

  A. Adenosine

  
  

  B. Intrarenal angiotensin II

  
  

  C. Prostaglandin E2

  
  

  D. All of the answer choices are correct

  
  

  E. None of the answer choices is correct

  D. All of the answer choices are correct
• The function(s) of ANP include:

  
  

  A. Reduction of blood pressure

  
  

  B. Reduction of blood volume

  
  

  C. Promotion of Na+ excretion

  
  

  D. All of the answer choices are correct


  D. All of the answer choices are correct
• The regulation of glomerular filtration

  
  

  A. Is not linked to sodium balance

  
  

  B. Includes only renal secretion

  
  

  C. Involves aldosterone-induced secretion of potassium

  
  

  D. All of the answer choices are correct

  C. Involves aldosterone-induced secretion of potassium
• Two hormones working on the regulation of water balance that directly oppose each other include:

  
  

  A. Angiotensin I & angiotensin II

  
  

  B. Renin and ADH

  
  

  C. ANP and aldosterone

  
  

  D. Renin and angiotensin

  C. ANP and aldosterone
• Which hormone does NOT influence ion or water reabsorption in the kidneys?

  
  

  A. parathyroid hormone

  
  

  B. erythropoietin

  
  

  C. aldosterone

  
  

  D. atrial natriuretic peptide

  
  

  E. angiotensin II

  B. erythropoietin
• Increased secretion of hydrogen ions would result in a(n) ______________ of blood ____________?

  
  

  A. increase, pressure

  
  

  B. decrease, volume

  
  

  C. increase, sodium levels

  
  

  D. decrease, pH

  
  

  E. increase, urea

  D. decrease, pH
• Increased secretion of aldosterone would result in a(n) ______________ of blood ____________?

  increase, sodium
• Consumption of salty food will cause an increase in this hormone.

  
  

  A. Aldosterone

  
  

  B. Renin

  
  

  C. ANH

  
  

  D. Angiotensin-II

  
  

  E. ADH


  E. ADHSee an expert-written answer!We have an expert-written solution to this problem!
• The kidneys release _________ to raise blood pressure.

  
  

  A. renin

  
  

  B. angiotensin II

  
  

  C. ADH

  
  

  D. ANP

  
  

  E. epinephrine

  A. renin
• The kidney processes about 180 L of blood-derived fluids daily but only about 1.8 L (1%) leaves the body.

  
  

  A. True

  
  

  B. False

  A. True
• Glomerular filtration of blood occurs by an ATP-driven process.

  
  

  A. True

  
  

  B. False

  B. False
• Normally filtered Na+ and glucose are reasbsorbed in the first half of the DCT by Na+ symporters.

  
  

  A. True

  
  

  B. False

  B. False
• In paracellular resorption, water and solutes in tubular fluid return to the bloodstream by passing through the tubular cells.

  
  

  A. True

  
  

  B. False

  B. False
• For every one H+ secreted into the tubular fluid of the PCT, one HCO3- and one Na+ are reabsorbed.

  
  

  A. True

  
  

  B. False

  A. True
• The first place that the reabsorption of water is not automatically coupled to the reabsorption of filtered solutes occurs in the PCT.

  
  

  A. True

  
  

  B. False

  B. False
• The site of promoted filtration by hydrostatic pressure is the

  renal corpuscle
• The site of most tubular resorption is the

  Proximal convoluted tubule
• The site where the osmolarity of tubular fluid is close to the osmolarity of the blood is in the

  nephron loop
• The part of nephron that receives substances from tubular cells during reabsorption is the

  peritubular capillaries
• The chief force of forward filtration in the renal corpuscle is:

  
  

  A. Glomerular osmotic pressure

  
  

  B. Glomerular hydrostatic pressure

  
  

  C. The size of the renal corpuscle

  
  

  D. The presence of a basement membrane in the glomerular capsule

  B. Glomerular hydrostatic pressure
• Secretion into the tubular fluid occurs

  
  

  A. When principle cells in the PCT secrete H+ into the urine

  
  

  B. When the principle cells in the DCT and collecting ducts reabsorb Na+ and secrete K+

  
  

  C. When the cells in the loop of Henle become impermeable to water

  
  

  D. Never occurs at all

  B. When the principle cells in the DCT and collecting ducts reabsorb Na+ and secrete K+
• Kidney malfunction would affect which bodily function?

  A :

  production of neurotransmitters

  B :

  regulation of bone development

  C :

  excretion of urea

  D :

  white blood cell production

  C :

  excretion of urea
• Identify a hormone produced by the kidneys that stimulates the production of red blood cells.

  erythropoietin
• Why is dramatic reduction in the adipose capsule surrounding a kidney dangerous?

  A :

  risk of kidney infection would nearly double

  B :

  increased formation of kidney stones

  C :

  kidney dropping could lead to ureter kinking and blockage of urine flow

  D :

  blood flow into the kidney would be greatly impaired


  C :

  kidney dropping could lead to ureter kinking and blockage of urine flowSee an expert-written answer!We have an expert-written solution to this problem!
• Each kidney has about 1 million of which of the following?

  A :

  segmental arteries

  B :

  renal arteries

  C :

  arcuate arteries

  D :

  afferent arterioles

  D :

  afferent arterioles