VALED2 PRELIMS

• Values


  Major priorities that man chooses to act on; enhances his life and the lives of those whom he associates with
• Values


  • Can be specific or general
  • Different from culture to culture
  • Stable
  • Learnt
  • Part of our personalities
• Types of values


  • Individual
  • Collective (Intrinsic, Instrumental)
• The process of valuing (Louis Raths)


  1. Choosing (To choose freely, To choose from alternatives, To choose from alternatives after thoughtful considerations of consequences of such alternatives)

  2. Prizing (To cherish and be happy with the choice, To be willing to affirm the choice publicly)

  3. Acting (To do something about the choice, To act repeatedly to affirm the choice publicly)
• Hypocrite


  A person who acts in contradiction to his or her stated beliefs or feelings
• Immaturity


  One who has not identified his values
• Maturity vs Immaturity


  • Maturity (Clear Values, Life of purpose, Meaning and direction)
  • Immaturity (Unclear values, Drifters – aimless, Flighty – unreliable and irresponsible, Uncertain, Apathetic – lack of interest, enthusiasm or concern)
• Influence based on age/people/things

  • Ages 1-7: parents
  • Ages 8-12: teachers, heroes (sports, rocks, TV)
  • Ages 14-20: peers (values because of peers or peers because of values)
  • Ages 21+: your values are established, but you may test your values from time to time
• Types of values


  • Moral value (Faithfulness in relationship, Honesty, Loyalty, Love and respect, Godliness)
  • Aesthetic values
  • Material values
  • Intrinsic values
  • Extrinsic values
  • Universal values (Equality, Freedom, Peace, Respect, Understanding)
  • Group specific values
• Man is both good and evil
• Human nature differs from how people view on things and what they believe in
• Good


  The name we give when a person does things that humans in common like
• Evil


  The name we give when a person does things that humans in common do not like
• Man is good


  • Helping others
  • Convention and groups (UN, UNICEF, WHO)
  • Famous people in history (Martin Luther King, Abraham Lincoln, Mahatma Gandhi, Jean Jacques Rousseau)
• Man is evil


  • Robbery
  • Murder
  • Famous people in history (Adolf Hitler, Joseph Stalin, Napoleon Bonaparte)
• Thomas Hobbes' thoughts


  Human nature is evil, humans have an evil side in themselves and they would need laws and orders to control what they do, humans are selfish and should be controlled by someone with absolute power
• Voltaire's thoughts


  Humans were born sinful, the world would be a better place if everyone replaced selfish and superstition with ration thoughts and knowledge, man should be controlled by absolute power
• The existence of laws and penalties suggests that people need something to control themselves in order to prevent crimes and incidents from happening, and that human nature is evil and orders are prerequisites to maintain a stable society
• According to John Locke, human nature is both good and evil and humans have an innate sense of right and wrong, and man is by nature a social animal
• Self-concept


  Refers to how someone thinks about, perceives, or evaluates themselves
• Self-awareness


  Having a self-concept
• Existential Self


  • Most basic part of self-concept
  • Sense of being separate or distinct from others
  • Separate
  • Distinct
  • Constant
• Categorical Self


  • Comes once the baby realizes that they are separate
  • Age
  • Gender
  • Skills
  • Size
• Categorical Self (as we grow older)


  • Includes internal psychological traits
  • Traits
  • Comparison
  • Careers
• Self-concept (according to Carl Rogers)


  • Self-image - the view we have of ourselves
  • Self-esteem - related to self-worth, how much value/love do we place on ourselves
  • Ideal self - what we wish to be, what we aspire to be
• Social Identity Theory


  • Personal - things that are unique to each person, like personality traits
  • Social - include the groups you belong to in our community
• Mental Process of self-categorization

  1. Categorize themselves (Race, Religion, Career...)

  2. Identification, beginning to acquire behavior and action of the chosen category

  3. Social comparison, we always compare ourselves subconsciously, consciously, etc. (to maintain self-esteem)
• MORAL VALUE – guidelines that assist a person in deciding between RIGHT and WRONG.
• AESTHETIC VALUES – what you feel has beauty in nature and life.
• MATERIAL VALUES – the things we WANT to SPEND our money on.
• INTRINSIC VALUES – things or ideas that have value to us in their own right; the end and not the means.
• EXTRINSIC VALUES – values that help us gain other values or desired results.
• UNIVERSAL VALUES – values that MOST PEOPLE AGREE.
• GROUP SPECIFIC VALUES – values that are adhered by the members of the group