psychology exam 4

• Stereotypes 


  A specific belief or assumption about individuals based solely on one's membership in a particular social group.
• Out group


  A group that we view as fundamentally different from us
• In group 


  A group that we identify with our see ourselves as belonging to
• in group Bias


  Preferences for our own groups over other groups
• Fundamental attribution error


  The idea that you don't genuinely take the situation as valuable enough credit to the situation
• Self serving bias 


  Tendency to take credit by making dispositional or internal attributions for positive outcomes and situational or external attribution for negative outcomes. Ex- good score "I'm awesome/work hard"
• Halo effect 


  When we think someone is good or talented in everything just because they excel in one area.
• Actor- observer Bias 


  when we tend to blame other's actions on their personality but blame our own actions on circumstances.
• Marching hypothesis


  Proposes that males and female of approximately equal physical attractiveness are likely to select each other as partners
• Passionate love 


  A completely absorption in another that includes tender sexual feeling that agony and ecstasy of intense emotion.
• Companionate love 


  Warm, trusting, tolerant affection for another whose life is deeply intertwined with one's own (Passionate and companionate love can coexist but they don't necessarily go hand in hand).
• Attachment theory says that the way we bond with our caregivers as babies affects how we handle relationships as adults. there are three main types Secure: Feeling comfortable with closeness and not worrying too much about being abandoned.

  • Avoidant: Preferring independence and avoiding getting too close to others.
  • Anxious: Worrying a lot about being abandoned or getting too close to others.
• Diagnosis 


  Distinguishing one illness from another
• Etiology 


  the apparent causation and developmental history of an illness
• Maladaptive Behavior 


  When someone acts in a way that doesn't help them or others and might even make things worse
• Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)


  Chronic, high levels of anxiety.• Not tied to any specific threat.• Constant worry about yesterday’s mistakes and tomorrow’s problems.• Possible physical symptoms, including trembling, muscle tension, diarrhea,dizziness, faintness, sweating, and heart palpitations.
• Agoraphobia 


  is the fear of going out to public places
• Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD)


  is marked obsession and compulsions
• Criteria of a panic attack

  Extreme fear and discomfort. Accelerated heart rate,sweating, trembling, choking sensation, hot flashes orchills, dizziness or lightheadedness, fears of losingcontrol or going crazy, and fear of dying
• Dissociative amnesia 


  A sudden loss of memory for important personal information not due to normal forgetting. 1. often attributed to excessive stress
• Dissociative identity disorder (DID)

  A disruption of identity marked by the experience of two or more complete and very different personalities formerly called multiple personalities disorder. 1 controversial diagnosis little is known about it's causes
• Major depressive disorder 


  is when someone feels really sad most of the time and loses interest in things they used to enjoy. It can happen at any age, but usually starts around 30 to 35. Anhedonia, which is not being able to feel pleasure, is a common symptom. Many people with this disorder experience multiple episodes of depression throughout their lives.
• Learned Helplessness 


  is when someone feels like they can't change a situation, even if they actually can, because they've learned to believe they're powerless.
• Schizophrenia 


  Characterized by disturbances in thoughts perception, emotion and behavior
• Positives symptoms of schizophrenia

  Hallucination- perceptual experience that occurs in the absence of external stimulation Delusions Beliefs that are contrary to reality and are firmly held even in the face of contradictory evidence. Disorganized thinking - disjointed and incoherent thoughts process. Disorganized or abnormal motor behavior- unusual behaviors and movements. Catatonic behaviors- behaviors such as mantaining a rigid and bizarre posture for a long time
• Negative symptoms of schizophrenia

  Flat affect- showing no emotion in the face. Anhedonia- no feeling or enjoyment. Abolition- less motivation or initiative on tasks. Alogia- speaking less
• Behavior therapy 


  Therapeutic technique in which therapists help patients change behavioral patterns by introducing a more constructive behavior there are two types aversive conditioning and systematic desensitization
• Aversive conditioning technique that pairs an unpleasant stimulant with an undesirable behavior ex- therapist may put a bad testing substance on the fingernails of a patient anytime the patient bites their nails they taste bad and start to associate nail biting with the bad tasting stimuli
• Systematic desensitization 


  A type of therapy where someone faces their fears gradually starting with small steps to help them get used to the fear and eventually not feel as scared
• Biomedical therapy 


  Treatment that involves medication or medical procedures to treat psychological disorders
• Insight therapy- are characterized by verbal interactions to enhance clients self-knowledge promoting healthful changes in personality and behavior
• Free associations 


  Directs clients to spontaneously express their thoughts and feelings exactly as they occur with minimal censorship
• Freud’s fundamental beliefs about psychological disorders

  Psychological disorders often stemmed from unresolved conflicts and repressed thoughts or feelings from childhood experiences particularly those to sexuality and aggression
• Transference 


  Occurs when clients relate to their therapists in ways that mimic critical relationships in their lives
• Psychology being theoretically diverse

  is diverse because it has many different perspectives and theories about how the mind works and why people behave the way they do
• Client center therapy 


  Emphasizes providing a supportive emotional climate for clients who help determine directions of therapy
• Category of drugs treat different disorders

  Anti-depressants, Anti-Anxiety agents, mood stabilizers, stimulants
• Acrópolis 


  Heights
• Aerophobia


  Scare of flying
• Arachnophobia 


  Scare of Spiders