crime and deviance P3

• Wiles and Costello


  local crime

  offenders more likely to commit crime local to where they live
• Wilson


  3 factors of crime

  • temperamentally immature - young males tend to have short term aspirations and weak social bonds
  • weighing up positives and negatives - poor policing leading to an increase in crime
  • community has grown weak - unable to exert social control over deviance
• Wilson - prevention


  addressed not prevented

  crime can't be prevented only addressed and poverty isn't main cause of crime because many poor live morally
• Wilson and Kelling


  broken windows theory

  if you value the place you live in you will act as a responsible citizen

  not doing so will lead to urban decay
• Matthews and Young


  square of crime

  crime is an interaction between 4 agents not just the offender and police:

  • police
  • offender
  • victime
  • public
• Lea and young


  relative deprivation

  when people can't obtain items through legitimate means they turn to crime

  fuelled by consumer culture
• Young x2 ideas


  marginalisation

  crime committed by groups that have been marginalised and many suffer economic and political deprivation

  the exclusive society

  exclusion from economy always existed, exclusion rising therefore higher levels of social exclusion
• Althusser


  ISA & RSA

  control of proletariat through ISAs and RSAs

  ISA - more subtle eg socialised into capitalism

  RSA - government and private forces
• Box


  crime is created by capitalists - stats are manipulated to criminalise the working class

  definition of murder

  murder as an avoidable killing

  official crime stats are manipulated by the bourgeoisie to criminalise the powerless
• Gordon


  capitalism creates criminality - across social classes

  lower class -> capitalism leads to inequality in crime so crime result of inequality

  upper class -> dog eat dog society, success more important than community
• Bognor


  link between crime and economy

  capitalism promotes competition leading to individualisation
• Mok et al


  violent crimes

  poorest families more likely to be involved in violent crime and self harm
• Chambliss


  saints and roughnecks

  middle class men - saints - negotiate out of trouble whereas working class men - roughnecks - are constantly under surveillance
• Cloward and Ohlin


  formation of subcultures

  crime and deviance caused by subcultures in response to being unable to legitimately achieve the goal
• Cohen


  status frustration

  crime and deviance part of deviant subculture, young join in gangs as a way to gain status
• Miller


  focal concerns

  working class boys more likely to engage in delinquent or deviant behaviour
• Ferrel


  anger and exuberance

  cultural criminologists see crime as caused by feeling of anger, exuberance, excitement and fear
• Katz


  attractiveness of crime

  focus shouldn't be one social characteristics of offenders but on the attractiveness of crime
• Lyng


  edgework

  crime is a result of testing boundaries

  crime is a form of escapism and coping mechanism
• Presdee


  carnival of crime

  carnival is a constant need and people look forward to being able to transgress

  the creeping criminalisation of everyday life provokes more transgression
• Young


  anomie

  to describe contradictory feelings that modern society brings

  deviance as an expression of exclusion
• Nightingale


  period of inclusion

  experience by young black who turned to deviance to achieve mainstream goals
• Katz and Jacobs


  glorious gangs

  gangs make local attachments glorious

  transforming childhood friendships into pride
• Becker - LT


  labelling theory

  deviance is socially constructed those who are seen as deviant have been labelled as such
• Becker - MS


  master status

  labelling can lead to behavioural changes that can be internalised leading to master status
• Lemert


  primary & secondary deviance

  primary deviance - deviant acts that aren't publicly labelled

  secondary deviance - deviant acts performed in response to a negative concept of ones self
• Matza


  techniques of neutralisation

  young people are able to preserve their sense of identity by:

  • denial of:
  • responsibility
  • injury
  • the victime
  • condemnation of condemners
  • appeal to high loyalty
• Young


  deviance amplification

  police and media actively target drug trafficking subcultures rather than reducing levels of deviance, the reaction increased levels of deviance through

  • more feeling isolated
  • rebellion
  • self fulfilling prohecy
• Cicourel


  public concern

  studied 2 American cities and found that levels of crime and deviance fluctuated dependent on the public concern eg the media
• Taylor, Watson and Young


  unconscious resistance

  crime and deviance must be viewed in the context of:

  • individual circumstances
  • meaning of the act
  • possible effect from societal reaction
• Hall


  policing the crisis

  black mugger served as a scapegoat for social problems and provided distraction

  tougher policing and control was justified by public at large
• Pollak - gender and crime


  myth of gender differences

  men don't commit more crime, women just commit less obvious crime or get away with it

  women are biologically deviant
• Pollak / Anderson - gender and crime

  chivalry thesis

  women treated more leniently due to the tendency by men to see them as weak
• Speed and burrows


  pollak support

  male offenders 2x likely to receive custodial sentence for shoplifting
• Chesney-Lind


  sexualisation of female deviance

  deviance in young girls have historically sexist themes
• Klein


  racist and classist

  only applies to middle class white 'ladies' who are les likely to come into contact with criminal justice system
• Heidensohn


  harsher sentences

  women who don't conform to feminine behaviour get harsher sentences

  eg Lucy Letby
• Farrington and Morris


  mitigating factors

  sentencing is subject to both mitigating and aggravating factors
• Sutherland


  sex role theory

  boys taught to be more ambitious and tough

  girls taught to be passive
• Parsons


  gender roles in nuclear family

  young girls have access to female role models as mum is at home

  boys have less time to identify with their father so experience status anxiety