Electrostatics

• Coulomb (C)


  The SI unit for electrical charge
• An electron and a proton each have a charge of 1.6 x 10^-19 C
• Charge of different particles in an atom

  • Electron: negative charge (-1.6 x 10^-19 C)
  • Proton: positive charge (+1.6 x 10^-19 C)
  • Neutron: neutral
• 6.25 x 10^18 electrons (or protons) are needed to deliver 1 C charge
• More common units to measure charge

  • 1 C = 1 coulomb
  • 1 mC = 1 millicoulomb
  • 1 μC = 1 microcoulomb
  • 1 nC = 1 nanocoulomb
  • 1 pC = 1 picocoulomb
• Q


  Symbol for electrical charge
• A small letter q is also acceptable as a symbol for charge, especially when referring to the charge on an electron (q_e) or proton (q_p)
• When two identically charged objects are brought into contact and then separated


  1. They will have the same size net charge

  2. They will be charged either positive or negative

  3. They will always repel each other after separation
• When two objects with charges Q1 and Q2 make contact, each will have the same final charge after separation
• Encouraging physical activity


  Encourage your child to engage in regular physical activity, such as sports, dance, or outdoor play. This can help them develop a sense of discipline and motivation.
• Setting clear expectations


  Let your child know what is expected of them in terms of chores, homework, and other responsibilities. Be specific and consistent in your expectations.
• Providing structure


  Establish a daily routine for your child, with designated times for homework, chores, and other activities. This can help them stay on track and avoid procrastination.
• Offering support and guidance

  Be available to help your child with their homework and other tasks, but avoid doing the work for them. Instead, offer guidance and encouragement to help them develop their own problem-solving skills.
• Setting consequences


  If your child consistently fails to meet their responsibilities, set consequences that are fair and consistent. This can help motivate them to take their responsibilities seriously.
• Praising effort, not just results


  Recognize and praise your child's effort, even if they don't always achieve the desired results. This can help them develop a growth mindset and a positive attitude towards learning and responsibility.
• Newton's first law (inertia)


  An object at rest stays at rest, and an object in motion stays in motion with the same speed and in the same direction, unless acted upon by an unbalanced force.
• Newton's second law (F = ma)

  The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force acting on it and inversely proportional to its mass. Mathematically, this can be expressed as F = ma.
• Newton's third law (action-reaction)


  For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
• Current (I = Q/t)


  The rate at which charge flows through a conductor. It can be calculated as I = Q/t, where Q is the charge and t is the time.
• Voltage (V = W/Q)


  The potential difference between two points in a circuit. It can be calculated as V = W/Q, where W is the work done and Q is the charge.
• Resistance (R = V/I)


  The opposition to the flow of charge in a circuit. It can be calculated as R = V/I, where V is the voltage and I is the current.