Birmingham

• what caused the deindustrialization

  -1970s was caught up in the global recession, when the oil crisis of 1973 was most significant due to Arab - Israel war

  -the traditional industries suffered due to increased competition with TNCs

  -british car industry was in decline as Japanese car manufacturers were seen as better for money and more reliable

  -shift from primary/secondary sector to tertiary sector

  -many factories were demolished as part of a slum clearance program so rent for premises became more rare and valuable
• consequences of deindustrialisation (social impacts)

  -poor quality of education in inner city

  -harder to access healthcare

  -not enough affordable housing-people in secondary structure no longer had their source of income so couldn't afford housing

  -unemployment-specifically in secondary sector
• consequences of deindustrialisation (economic impacts)

  -unemployment-less employment in the secondary sector so less income leading to a negative?reduced multiplier effect

  -increased deprivation- people could no longer afford necessities in previously industrialised areas leading to poorer quality of life and standard of living
• consequences of deindustrialisation (environmental impacts)

  lots of pollution from derelict brownfield sites
• what was the chain of events for the communities in these areas

  communities who lost their jobs experienced greater deprivation due to loss of income which meant they couldn't afford necessities, plus they likely weren't skilled enough to get a job in the growing tertiary structure, this all lead to the cycle of social decline - less money - worse education (if any) - poverty - worse/lack of accessible healthcare - may be unable to work and the cycle carrie on
• in 2006 how many were in manufacturing jobs, how much was this a reduction from its peak in 2006?

  56,000

  a 80% decrease
• what % of employment were in the following sectors in 1971- primary, secondary, tertiary


  primary-8%

  secondary-47%

  tertiary-45%
• what % of employment were in the following sectors in 2006- primary, secondary, tertiary


  primary-4%

  secondary-11%

  tertiary-85%
• what evidence is there of a growing quaternary sector in Birmingham

  Birmingham Science Park a 20 million pound investment as part of Birmingham University
• what helped Birmingham get out of this cycle

  by foreign direct investment form TNCs