KQ1: What was the extent and power of the Papcy

• Time period

  The First and Second Crusades were fought between the Christians and the Muslims, and involved large numbers of men from all classes of society in the 11th and 12th Centuries.
• Meaning of the word Crusade

  A crusade could be called a pilgrimage, a holy war, an expedition of the Cross or the business of Jesus Christ.
• Crusade

  An expedition authorised by the Pope based on papal indulgences (forgiveness for sins)
• Motives for Christian Crusaders

  • Ordinary men were deeply moved by 'taking up his Cross', and by defending the Church
  • All Christians who went to the East to try and get Jerusalem back from the Muslims believed they were carrying out the will of God
• Soldier-monk

  An idea created by the Crusades, representing a period of militant Christianity
• The Investiture Contest between Pope Gregory VII and Emperor Henry IV


  Created considerable popular enthusiasm for religion in Western Europe, and the Crusades were a direct result of this
• Crusade

  An expedition authorised by the Pope based on papal indulgences (forgiveness for sins)
• Motives of Christian Crusaders

  • Ordinary men were deeply moved by 'taking up his Cross', and by defending the Church
  • All Christians who went to the East to try and get Jerusalem back from the Muslims believed they were carrying out the will of God
• Soldier-monk

  An idea created by the Crusades, representing a period of militant Christianity
• The Investiture Contest between Pope Gregory VII and Emperor Henry IV


  Created considerable popular enthusiasm for religion in Western Europe, and the Crusades were a direct result of this
• What was the Clergy

  monks

  nuns

  priests
• Cluny


  the name if an important monastery in France
• Early medieval

  11th and 12th centuries
• Ecclesiastical 


  another word for church/ clergy
• Emperor

  very powerful king controlling lots of land
• Excommunication 


  to be cut off from the church
• Investiture Contest 


  name given to the ongoing dispute between Popes and Emperors
• Laymen

  ordinary person
• Papcy

  Pope( Head of Catholic church- lives in Rome)
• Reforms


  changes to the church to try make it better
• Secular ruler

  name given to a king/ Emperor
• Simony


  buying or selling of pardons for sins
• Henry III

  The early medieval Papacy had great religious and political power over Europe. However, it had come into conflict with Emperors. The Papacy had been involved in a lot of corruption as it had been dominated by the noble families of Rome. At one point in 1046, there were 3 Popes! The Holy Roman Emperor Henry Ill deposed all three popes in 1046 and installed a German Pope called Clement II. From then on, Henry's actions stirred the papacy to reform itself, by focusing on ridding the Church of simony.
• Henry III death 1056


  Weakened the Empire.
• Henry IV's Minority (1056-1065):


  Henry IV, age 6, led to a minority.
• Papal Independence

  Papacy showed independence from Emperor
• New Papal Powers

  Only cardinals could elect Popes.
• Decrees Against Simony issued

  Treaty of Melfi (1059):

     - Papacy agreed that Norman could keep their land in Southern Italy in return for protecting the Pope at election time
• Henry IV faced challenges in regaining lost lands.

   Priority: control over bishop appointments.

  Pope Gregory VII (1073):

   Major problem for Henry IV.
• Pope Gregory VII:

  • Fiery champion of Church reform.
  • Believed in Papal supremacy.
• Influence of Cluny Monastery:

  • Emphasized spiritual focus over wealth.
  • Influential on Pope Gregory's reforms.
• Dictatus Papae (1075):


  • Papal Bull asserting supremacy.
  • Stated Pope's power to judge, depose emperors, and control bishop appointments.
• Investiture Contest:

  • Conflict over Papal authority.
  • Challenged Emperor Henry IV's power.
• Gregory vs. Henry IV:

  • Gregory threatened Henry with excommunication.
  • Henry and bishops declared Gregory illegitimate.
• Excommunication of Henry IV:

  • Gregory excommunicated Henry.
  • Some German nobles supported Gregory.
• Canossa Incident:

  • Henry crossed Alps to meet Gregory.
  • Waited in snow for three days.
  • Gregory lifted excommunication.
• Outcome

  • Tactical victory for Henry IV.
  • Regained control over lands