explanation

• which approach is used to explain depression

  the cognitive approach
• what could be a negative schema that someone may have if they are depressed

  thinking they are underserving, empty and worthless
• how may a cognitive psychologist treat someone with depression

  CBT can be used to identify the challenging thought, challenge this as change to be better ugly thoughts
• what are cognitive explanations for depression focused on

  our mental processes eg// thoughts and perceptions, affect out behaviour
• what are the 2 key explanations of depression

  • becks negative triad
  • ellis ABC model
• what did beck believe about depression

  depression is due to errors in thinking which are biased towards negative interpretations of the world
• what are the 3 negative interpretations the negative triad comes from

  • negative schemas
  • faulty infomation processing
  • the negative triad
• what is the negative schema

  packages of infomation developed though experienced, interpret all infomation about ourselves in negative ways
• what are faulty infomation processing

  attending to and paying attention to the negative aspects of a situation
• what is the negative triad

  negative views of the world, yourself and future such as worthless, undeserving and shameful
• what does the negative triad refer to

  • negative view of world
  • negative view about future
  • negative views about self
• what is an example of how depressed people

  i am worthless, no point of me
• what is an example of faulty infomation processing

  attending to negative aspects of the brain
• what is an example of a negative self-schema

  interpret all infomation about ourselves in negative ways
• what is an example of a negative triad

  • world is a cold hard place
  • people want me to fail
  • i am a failure in life
  • i will never succeed
• how do people develop a negative triad

  a person develops a dysfunctional view of themselves because of 3 types of negative thinking that occurs automatically regardless of what is actually happening at the time
• what is the negative view of the world

  • interpret experineces that create an impression that there is not hope anywhere
• what is the negative view of the self

  • view themselves as being helpless, worthless and inadequate
• what is the negative view of the future

  • see the future as a bleak, never-ending series of hardships and failures
• what is a strength of the research evidence for the negative triad

  • boury et al monitored student negative thoughts with the beck depression inventory (BDI) finding that depressives misinterpret facts and experiences in a negative fashion and feel hopeless about the future
  • this suggests that their negative thinking may have caused them to become depressed and also cause them to misinterpret facts and experiences in a negative way because of the negative triad
• what is the strength of becks explanation for depression (PEEL) (application)

  P - a strength of becks cognitive triad is that it has practical application as a therapy

  E - becks cognitive explanation forms the basis of CBT

  E - for example the separate components of the triad such as negative view of the world can be easily identified, challenged and changed during CBT

  L - therefore this theory has practical application as t is used as an effective and successful therapy
• what is a limitation of becks explanation of depression (PEEL) (aspects)

  P - a limitation is that becks theory doesn't explain all aspects of depression

  E - some depressed ps are extremely angry. beck cannot explain these emotions

  E - for example some depressed ps suffer from hallucinations and bizarre beliefs

  L - this suggests that becks theory cannot always explain all cases of depression
• what does the ABC stand for in ellis ABC model

  Activating event

  Belief - musturbation and utopianism

  Consequence
• what did ellis suggest about depression

  he suggested a different cognitive explanation of depression, he said depression was a result of the way a person interprets external events that cause them distress
• what are activating events

  situations in which irrational thoughts are triggered by external events
• what is an example of an activating event

  the end of a relationship
• what is the belief

  these are the ideas you have about the event or situation
• what is an example of a belief

  i have done something wrong
• what are the consequence

  these are the emotional and behavioral responses following the activating even based on the belief you have about yourself
• what is an example of a consequence

  i am never dating again
• what is utopianism

  belief life should be fair
• what is musturbation

  must succeed in everything
• what does depression depend on

  depending on how a person perceives themselves depends on if they will become depressed or not
• what happens when a person has a negative belief

  if a person has negative beliefs about themselves then a negative activating event will trigger the negative consequence of developing depression
• what is a strength of ellis explanation of depression (PEEL) (application)

  P - a strength of ellis's ABC model is that it has practical application in CBT

  E - ellis's ABC model can be incorporated into CBT

  E - the activating event can be analyzed, the belief are identified and challenged and the consequence of those beliefs changed

  L - therefore this theory has practical application as it is used as a successful therapy
• what is a limitation of ellis explanation of depression (PEEL) (partial)

  P - a limitation is that ellis's model is only a partial explanation of depression

  E - there is no doubt that some cases of depression follow activating events

  E - there are questions around does the activating event cause depression or does depression cause the activating event - such as the breakdown of a relationship

  L - this is a weakness as it is no clear weather faulty thinking are cause of the depression of the consequence of it
• what is a strength of the cognitive approach to explaining depression

  • cognitive explanations of depression are based on sound, scientific experimental research resulting in improvements of the cognitive explanations and a greater understanding of depression
  • reductionism is not always a weakness because from a single explanation a simple treatment can be devised
• what is a limitation of the cognitive approach to explaining depression

  • a weakness of the cognitive approach is that it has been criticised for being too reductionist
  • it is difficult to know whether negative thinking plays a casual role in depression it could be that thr negative thinking is a symptom of the depression not a cause
  • beck and ellis explanations cannot easily explain all aspects of depression some people experience anger, hallucinations and delusions when they are depressed and the negative triad and the ABC model easily explains these cases