Industrial Medicine

• Before Edward Jenner what was the only way to prevention smallpox

  Inoculation which involved giving you small pox by putting puss of another person with smallpox in a cut in your arm
• What Did Jenner notice about milkmaids 


  They don’t get smallpox and catch a much milder disease called cowpox
• What did Jenner test in 1796 


  Injected a small boy called James Phipps with pus from milkmaid with cowpox (Sarah Nelmes) and James didn’t catch small pox
• When did Jenner Publish his vaccination findings

  1798
• Why did inoculates oppose vaccination 


  Saw it as a threat to there livelihood
• Why did some of the public oppose vaccination

  Didn’t like the idea of putting a disease from a cow in them
• What act was passed in 1840 


  Vaccination for infants was free
• What was made compulsory in 1853 


  Vaccination
• What did people believe caused germs and microbes in the air before germ theory

  decaying matter and was called Spontaneous Generation
• What did French Chemist Louis Pasteur discover about sterilised water 


  Sterilised water in closed flask remained sterilised but in an open flask it bred germs
• When did Louis Pasteur publish his germ theory 


  1861
• How did the public react to germ theory

  It was met with scepticism as people didn’t believe that tiny microbes could cause disease
• What did Robert Koch do to identify microbes 


  Used dyes
• What Anaesthetic did Humphrey Dave’s suggest in 1799 


  Nitrous oxide
• What did Harace Wells do in 1845 and why was it unsuccessful 


  Tried to use laughing gas but patient was unaffected by it
• In what year did Crawford Long discover the anaesthetics qualities of ether 


  1842
• Why was ether not continued to be used 


  It was irritant and explosive
• What Anesthetic did James Simpson discover in 1847 


  Chloroform
• In what year did Queen Victoria use Chloroform during Childbirth 


  1853
• What was a disadvantage of Chloroform 


  Could affect heart during surgery and lead to potential death
• What were the years 1846-1870 labelled and why 


  The Black Period because due to aesthetics surgery Times were longer so wounds became infected and more people died during surgery
• What did Ignaz Semmelweis suggest to do to kill germs 


  Wash hands with chloride of lime but it was unpleasant so not used
• What did Joseph Lister use as an antiseptic in early 1860’s 


  carbolic acid
• How did antiseptics affect the death rate

  Caused it to immediately fall
• What was Asepsis Surgery

  Prevented germs from getting near wounds and reduced the need for nasty chemicals
• Who invented surgical gloves in 1889

  William Halsted
• When did cholera reach Britain

  1831
• By what year was cholera an epidemic and killed 21,000 people 


  1832
• How did Cholera spread

  When infected sewage water contaminated drinking water
• What did John Snow discover

  A connection between contaminated water and cholera
• When did Cholera break out in Broad Street, London

  1854
• What did snow do during his investigation

  Interviewed people living in Broad Street and made a map of the area
• What did Snow publish in 1855/


  On the mode of communication of Cholera
• What did Snows investigation used and how did he respond

  That all victims used the same water pump so he persuaded the government to remove the handle and the cholera outbreak stopped
• In what year was the first Public Health Act and why did it have limited impact

  1848 but it was optional and many towns chose not to set up a board of health
• What did Edwin Chadwick suggest in 1842

  That poor living conditions resulted in poor health
• What attitude did many people have during the 19th century 


  a Laissez faire attitude but public opinion began to change
• What affect did the 1875 Public Health Act have 


  It was compulsory and meant that councils had to appoint health/sanitary inspectors as well as keep the towns streets clean and maintain sewage systems
• In what year was the great stink

  1858
• What act was passed in 1876 


  River pollution prevention act