ORANGE

• spatial patterns of power change over time
• the fall of the British empire marked the end of a colonial unipolar period
• could be edging to a multipolar world with the rise of China followed by India
• neo-colonialism uses capitalism, business globalisation and cultural imperialism to gain control in lieu of direct military or political control
• hegemony is the ability to maintain control without the need for direct force
• the rise of China and other regional superpowers has challenged this hegemony
• neo-colonial practice

  development aid

  strategic alliance

  TNCs

  debt relief

  terms of trade
• Development aid makes the borrower dependent on the lender and are more likely to accept certain conditions that make come with aid e.g., China's expansion into Africa or the WB
• despite changing patterns of power the dependency theory is still the most useful development theory in explaining the current power EQ
• TNCs - host countries may become too reliant on TNCs for jobs and economic growth - become 'friendly' where the TNC can use this power to negotiate favourable tax deals
• terms of trade - low cost export items v high price import items - e.g., monoculture in Africa - 2/3 of their earnings from 1-2 industries
• strategic alliance - developed countries ally with developing countries - promotes dependency theory and neo-colonialism - developing nation becomes dependent on developed for military aid and equipment - French control in the ivory coast
• debt relief - buy debt/ write off debt - creates dependency between countries - SAPs - IMF - WB - also borrower can be dependent on loaner
• unipolar - relatively stable if they are able to maintain power - unlikely to hold power for long time - stability lacks longevity - rogue states
• unipolar stability may depend on how willing they are to maintain power
• bipolar - stability depends upon line of communication between the two countries - USSR and USA had a breakdown in comms - each other's demise
• multipolar - complex - lots of players involved - fears over alliance and conflict
• Rise of China 


  economic - development aid into Africa - neo-colonialism - global financial crisis India and China saw 6-8% growth - workshop of the world - bought American debt

  political - alliance with Africa has increased their political support - alliance with Russia - regional superpower

  military - worlds largest naval fleet - spend the largest % of their financial budget on military

  social - global profile has risen - Beijing 2008 Olympics - role in Copenhagen climate talks
• China owns $860bn America debt
• China's rise has challenged USA hegemony
• 80 countries have American military bases
• America has the largest economy in the world - in 2022 it was 40% larger than China
• Fall of the British Empire

  loss of territory + control in territory

  economic decline - Britain overspent on the war efforts
• India rise to power - Tata Group which owns Jagur and Land Rover - demographic dividend
• BRIC countries have been challenging USA hegemony - particularly China and India
• BRIC countries contribute to 42% of global green house emissions - there is a need for environmental governance - they were first included in 2015 in the Paris Climate Conference
• India is predicted to have the fastest in 2024 at 6.2%
• China is predicted to grow but at a slower rate - 4%
• USA economic growth has decelerated
• Nigeria is the largest economy in Africa and produces 2% of the worlds oil
• India's inability to access physical resources may derail its ambitious growth plans
• China is limited by their slowing birth rate and increased cost of domestic labour
• India and China has grown in their military influence - India is ranked in the top 5 for GFP and China has the largest naval fleet
• India is limited by the 49% of its urban population that live in slums
• 16% of Mexico's urban population live in slums and their growth is dependent on the USA
• India is part of FTA and alliances e.g., the Australia group
• there is a case for India to have a pment seat on the UN security council
• Russia has powerful TNCs e.g., Gazprom but has since declined in power in the West because NATO has sided with Ukraine
• India has a north-south regional divide
• China's challenge to US hegemony is limited as they have not yet cemented themselves as global leaders on the world stage to make key decisions over terror, global security and environmental concerns - need to engage with the rest of the world more