Sci

• Outer core


  • Layer of iron, nickel, sulfur and oxygen that surrounds the inner core
  • Metals within the outer core flow around the whole layer, producing magnetic field
• Magnetic field


  Serves as protection
• Inner core


  • Innermost layer
  • Believed to be a solid core made out of iron-nickel
  • Pressure is equivalent to the pressure at the centre of the Sun
  • Makes up 85+% of the Earth's mass
• Upper mantle


  • The cool, solid-liquid layer
• Lower mantle


  • The hot, solid layer
  • Made up of iron, oxygen, silicon, magnesium and aluminum
• Crust


  • Outermost and thinnest layer
  • Broken into large and small tectonic plates
  • Continental crust
  • Oceanic crust
• Asthenosphere


  • Layer of the mantle
  • Described to be "weak" due to high temperatures and high pressure that makes rocks softer and partly melt
• Plate tectonics


  1. Plates move in different directions

  2. Causes different plate boundaries
• Convergent boundary


  • Two plates pushing towards each other, AKA destructive plate boundary
  • Would also create mountains
• Divergent boundary


  • Two plates move away from each other, AKA constructive boundary
• Subduction zone


  • Where a portion of the tectonic plates are diving beneath other plates into Earth's interior
  • Makes volcanoes and trenches
• Transform boundary


  • Two plates that are not moving away or moving towards each other but rather simply sliding past each other, AKA conservative boundary because it neither creates nor destroys a crust
• Intensity

  how much damage has occurred and amount of shaking experienced by the people
• Magnitude of an earthquake


  Total amount of energy released by the earthquake, measured through the Richter scale
• Volcano


  • Hole on the Earth's crust through which molten rock, gases and other pyroplastic components can be blasted
• Magma


  Molten rock under Earth's surface
• Crater


  • Funnel shaped hole at the summit of a volcano, serves as the opening of a volcano
• Throat


  • Ejects lava and volcanic ash
• Primary vent


  • Hole in the Earth's surface which transports the magma beneath to the summit
• Conduit


  • Underground channel
• Sill


  • Flat slab of rock formed when lava hardens in a crack of a volcano
• Magma reservoir


  • Molten rock pool beneath the Earth's crust
• Lava


  Magma is now flowing on the surface of the Earth
• Cinder cone volcano


  • Simplest and most common type, rarely taller
• Cinders


  • AKA scoria, are pebble sized, igneous rocks which are fragments of the lava that are ejected
• Composite volcano


  • Cone-shaped volcanos typically composed of one or more summit craters, formed by repeated alternate deposition of lava and rock fragments
• Shield volcano


  • Broad, gently sloping landforms formed by multiple layers of low viscous lava, build up slowly over time
• Phreatic eruption


  • AKA steam-blast eruption, happens in wet areas or near bodies of water, water, steam, and ash together with other rock pieces are ejected
• Phreato-magmatic eruption


  • Violent eruption caused by erupting magma interacting with water, may generate pyroplastic currents referred to as base surges, and dangerous currents of gas and ash
• Strombolian eruption


  • Periodic weak to violent fountaining and flow eruptions of lava, bursting of gas bubbles within the lava
• Vulcanian eruption


  • A cannon-like explosion that is caused by the explosion of a solidified magma plug, fine ash is forced into the air
• Plinian eruption


  • Sustained and highly explosive eruptions of massive gas and pyroclastic materials, form fall eruption columns and well-defined umbrella clouds