Psych disorders

• Anxiety disorders


  • Panic Disorder
  • Social Anxiety Disorder
  • Agoraphobia
  • Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
  • Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
  • Generalized Anxiety Disorder
• Anxiety disorders


  • Marked by feelings of excessive apprehension and anxiety
• Panic Disorder


  Recurrent attacks of overwhelming anxiety that usually occur suddenly and unexpectedly
• Social Anxiety Disorder


  Fear or anxiety about being humiliated or scrutinized in a social situation. Individuals with SAD may avoid activities like public speaking or eating to prevent perceived negative judgment. This fear is associated with lower self-esteem and perfectionism, often leading to avoidance behaviors. Symptoms include physical manifestations of anxiety and impairment in daily functioning. Treatment typically involves therapy and medication to help manage symptoms and improve quality of life.
• Agoraphobia


  Fear of going out in public spaces. The person is afraid that they may experience symptoms of panic in these public spaces, but they wouldn't be able to receive any help. Not so much about the social aspect. They may try to avoid public settings. Sometimes, it can be developed throughout a person's life.
• Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)


  Persistent uncontrollable intrusion of unwanted thoughts and urges to engage in senseless rituals. They may do things like count, check, touch, wash, etc in their rituals. Obsessive (thoughts), and compulsive (behavior). With OCD, depending on the case, there may be differences in intensity, severity, or duration.
• Comorbidity


  The idea that there are disorders that tend to go together. They seem to link together. You may have an increased likelihood of having one if you have the other, but it's not always a guarantee. Ex: OCD is comorbid with depression.
• Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder


  Enduring anxiety and disturbance attributed to major traumatic events; being exposed to death, assault, violence, natural disasters, etc. Military soldiers or first responders are so prone to it. They can experience this directly (to see someone get shot - soldier) or indirectly (help someone after they got shot even if you dont see it - paramedic), but they both deal with the repercussions. Often comorbid with depression.
• Factors to PTSD diagnosis


  • Individuals must experience a stressor and exhibit symptoms such as intrusion (flashbacks), avoidance of reminders, negative cognitions/moods, and alterations in arousal/reactivity for at least a month. Symptoms may include memory bursts, survivor guilt, avoidance of triggers, memory loss, isolation, heightened startle response, and difficulty sleeping or eating.
• Generalized Anxiety Disorder


  Marked by a chronic, high level of anxiety that is not tied to any specific threat.
• Autism spectrum disorder


  Refers to a developmental disorder characterized by social and emotional deficits, along with repetitive and stereotypic behaviours, interests, and activities.
• Availability heuristic


  Estimating the probability or risk of something based on how easily examples come to mind
• Concordance rate


  Indicates the percentage of twin pairs or other pairs of relatives who exhibit the same disorder.
• Conjunction fallacy


  When people mistakenly believe that two events happening together is more likely than one of the events happening alone they have committed a conjunction (a representative heuristic)
• Conjunction fallacy example


  • Serena lives in Chicago. She enjoys going to sporting events on Sundays. Scenario One: Serena loves football. or Scenario Two: Serena is a Bears fan who loves football. A person who commits a conjunctive fallacy would pick Scenario Two.
• Culture-bound disorder


  Abnormal syndromes found only in a few cultural groups.
• Delusions


  False beliefs that are maintained even though they clearly are out of touch with reality.
• Diagnosis


  Involves distinguishing one illness from another.
• Dissociative disorders


  • Dissociative Amnesia
  • Dissociative Fugue
  • Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)
• Dissociative Amnesia


  Sudden loss of personal information, too extensive to be ordinary forgetting - forgetting parts of your life, forgetting people in your life. Main symptom is severe memory loss, more than regular forgetfulness. Can't be explained by a medical condition. Can't recall, yourself, people in your life, or events, especially from a time when you felt shock, distress or pain.
• Dissociative Fugue


  Go to a completely new place, make a whole new life for them. One day they wake up, don't know how they got there, when they got there or what they have been doing. Usually brought on by some stress, possibly trauma, not always. Very rare but it still has made its way into TV or Movie, that has a fugue (Pomento in B99)
• Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)


  Used to be known as multiple personality disorder (2+ of personality). The mean of personalities is between 15 and 16 within a person, with their own names, accents, genders, extrovert/introvert (different expressions around traits). Primary (host); pops up most, communicates most frequently (1 primary personalities). Alters: less frequent communication (14-15 alter personalities) (the actual person may not always aware of the different personalities). Primary is aware of alters, but alters aren't aware of primary. Or Alter 1 is aware of 2 but 2 not aware of 1 (combinations of levels of awareness - creates challenges when they are trying to get help). Trauma dissociation theory - they have experienced trauma to let the personality fragment.
• Eating disorders


  • Binge-eating disorder
  • Bulimia nervosa
  • Anorexia nervosa
• Binge-eating disorder


  Eat when stressed or upset not when hungry, feel like they can't stop eating even when they are uncomfortably full.
• Bulimia nervosa


  Uncontrolled episode of over-eating or bineing within a short period of time, then purging by puking, or misuse of laxatives
• Anorexia nervosa


  Involves intense fear of gaining weight, disturbed body image, refusal to maintain normal weight, and dangerous measures to lose weight.
• Epidemiology


  The study of the distribution of mental or physical disorders in a population.
• Hallucinations


  Sensory perceptions that occur in the absence of a real, external stimulus or are gross distortions of perceptual input.
• Medical model


  Proposes that it is useful to think of abnormal behaviour as a disease.
• Mood disorders


  • Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)
  • Persistent Depressive Disorder (PDD)
  • Bipolar I (Mania+Depression)
  • Bipolar II (Hypomania+Depression)
  • Cyclothymia
  • Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)
  • Postpartum Depression
• Mood disorders


  • Include symptoms that are more intense, frequent, and last longer. The 2nd most diagnosed category of disorders.
• Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)


  Intense magnification of depressive symptoms lasting at least two weeks. Changes a person's usual functioning, and people in their lives can tell that there's something wrong. A 5% body weight in a month, whether they become heavier or lighter. Typically someone diagnosed with this may experience 5-6 episodes like this across their lifespan.
• Persistent Depressive Disorder (PDD)


  Chronic depression of less intensity than MDD. They experience bad days a lot, and they last most of the day. Children and teens may experience this for 1-2 years, but adults will experience it for approx. 3 years. It's not as easy to tell that someone has this disorder compared to MDD, because PDD people may view this behavior as the person's personality, and that they're just like this. People may not notice this depression, which makes the person feel isolated.
• Bipolar I (Mania+Depression)


  High mania and high depression symptoms. Involves periods of mania alternating with major depressive episodes. In order for someone to receive a diagnosis, they only have to be experiencing the mania aspect.
• Mania symptoms


  • Heightened mood and activity levels, inflated self-esteem, reduced need for sleep, racing thoughts, distractibility, increased goal-directed activity, and a lack of appreciation for consequences.
• Bipolar II (Hypomania+Depression)


  This is like Bipolar I, but it has mild symptoms of hypomania (a milder version of mania that typically lasts for a shorter period), but heightened depression.
• Cyclothymia


  Mild mania and mild depression symptoms. Psychological highs and lows would have to occur 50% of the time and has to go on for two years in order to meet diagnostic criteria
• Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)

  Increase of depressive symptoms in the colder and darker seasons compared to the other ones. Functions like a cycle, it comes in the winter it goes in the summer. NOT winter blues. One of the treatments to this can be light therapy, so increasing the amount of light you have in order to boost your mood
• Postpartum Depression


  Depressive mood that occurs after child birth. It can be referred to as the baby blues. This can affect 10-15% of new moms. More seen in urban vs rural environments. The population that experiences the highest rate of PPD can be recent immigrants. PPD can affect the people around the mother as well, such as partners and family.
• Etiology of Mood Disorders

  • Strong links to genetic/hereditary factors
  • Strong links to neurotransmitter imbalances
  • Cognitive triad (negative view of self, future, world)
  • Learned helplessness
  • Pessimistic explanatory styles