02 Handout

• Unilineal Evolutionism


  New cultural forms emerge from the past that pass through similar stages of development
• Unilineal Evolutionism


  • From Animism to Monotheism i.e. Roman Catholic or Islam
• Cultural Diffusionism


  Culture originates from one or more culture centers, which are results of borrowed elements of the new culture
• Cultural Diffusionism


  • Filipino culture is influenced by Western civilization brought by the colonization of Western countries i.e. Spain
• Historical Particularism


  Each group of people has its own unique culture influenced by its history, geography, and environment
• Historical Particularism


  • Filipino people are influenced by superstitious beliefs, which originate from their ancestors
• Anthropological Functionalism


  Cultural elements and practices are interrelated and interdependent and persist because they have a purpose
• Anthropological Functionalism


  • Filipinos' actions are influenced strongly by their religion
• Anthropological Structuralism


  Cultural phenomena and practices have a relationship to one another by which human organize and structure their experiences
• Anthropological Structuralism


  • Father and Son; Husband and Wife
• Cultural Materialism


  Culture is influenced by technology, resources, economic values, and the utilization of things
• Cultural Materialism


  • Pork is prohibited in the Muslim diet
• Functionalism


  Society as an organized network cooperating groups operating orderly to generally accepted norms
• Functionalism


  • To be able to produce more productive graduates in the community, the government must pour money into education
• Conflict Perspective


  Social environment in a continuous struggle which is in contrast with Functionalism
• Conflict Perspective


  • Rich versus poor
• Symbolic Interactionism


  Deals with patterns of behavior in large units of society such as organization, communities, etc.
• Symbolic Interactionism


  • Why does an individual in the community avoid eye contact when talking to a stranger?
• Evolutionism


  Explains how human groups came to exist, grow, and develop
• Evolutionism


  • Before people use telephones to communicate with one another, now with the advancement of technology, many of us use cellphones as a means of communication
• Society


  All people, collectively regarded as constituting a community of related, interdependent individuals living in a particular place, following a certain mode of life
• Anthropological perspective on society


  A group of people sharing a common culture within a territory
• Sociological perspective on society


  An association organized by men with a territory
• Culture (individual's perspective)


  Taste, inclination, and interest in the "fine arts"
• Culture (civilized perspective)


  Being civilized
• Culture (comprehensive definition)


  A complex whole which encompasses beliefs, practices, values, attitudes, laws, norms, artifacts, symbols, knowledge, and everything that a person learns and shares as a member of society
• Anthropological perspective on culture


  A unique character of every human society which includes how we think, act, and what we own
• Sociological perspective on culture


  The imprint made by people
• Aspects of culture


  • Artifacts
  • Arts and Recreation
  • Clothes
  • Customs and Traditions
  • Food
  • Government
  • Knowledge
  • Language
  • Religion
  • Shelter
  • Tools
  • Values
• Cultural relativism


  Culture only has meaning when taken into context, it is wrong to compare, apply, and/or judge one's own culture from another culture
• Cultural relativism


  • The Japanese think they are the smartest people because that's their standpoint
• Ethnocentrism


  The perception of one's own culture as superior compared to other cultures
• Ethnocentrism


  • Filipinos are outstanding workers all around the world
• Xenocentrism


  The perception of one's own culture as inferior compared to other cultures
• Xenocentrism


  • Philippines is only a Third World country rather than in Japan
• Anthropological Perspectives:

  • Unilineal Evolution
  • Cultural Diffusionism
  • Historical Particularism
  • Anthropological Functionalism
  • Cultural Materialism
• Sociological Perspectives:

  • Functionalism
  • Cultural Perspective
  • Symbolic Interactionism
  • Evolutionism
• Society is derived from the Latin word " societas" which means "companion" or "associate"
• Culture is a people’s way of life. E.B. Taylor describes culture as “that complex whole, which encompasses beliefs, practices, values, attitudes, laws, norms, artifacts, symbols, knowledge, and everything that a person learns and shares as a member of society.
• Enculturation refers to the gradual acquisition of the characteristics and norms of a culture or group by a person, another culture, etc. Refers to the process which one learns the way of life and behavior of ones own culture.