1- BIOMOLECULES

• What is the process called that joins monomers to form larger molecules?

  Dehydration synthesis
• How do polymers break down into smaller molecules?

  Through hydrolysis with the addition of water
• What are the four main types of macromolecules?

  • Carbohydrates
  • Lipids
  • Proteins
  • Nucleic Acids
• What are carbohydrates primarily used for?

  Fuel and building materials
• What are monosaccharides?

  Simplest sugars used as fuel
• What is a disaccharide?

  Two monosaccharides joined together
• What type of bond joins monosaccharides in disaccharides?

  Glycosidic linkage
• What are polysaccharides?

  Polymers of sugars
• What are the roles of storage polysaccharides?

  • Starch: Storage in plants
  • Glycogen: Storage in animals
• What is starch composed of?

  Glucose monomers
• What is the primary function of cellulose?

  Component of cell wall in plants
• What is chitin used for?

  Exoskeleton of arthropods
• Compare starch, cellulose, and glycogen.

  • Starch: Plant storage, alpha glucose
  • Cellulose: Plant cell wall, beta glucose
  • Glycogen: Animal storage, alpha glucose
• What distinguishes saturated fatty acids from unsaturated fatty acids?

  Saturated have no double bonds
• What are triglycerides?

  Most abundant lipids stored in adipose tissue
• What is the structure of phospholipids?

  Two fatty acids and a phosphate group
• What is the role of cholesterol in the body?

  Prevents freezing in cell membranes
• What are the types of lipoproteins and their functions?

  • Chylomicrons: Transport exogenous triacylglycerol
  • VLDL: Transport endogenous triacylglycerol
  • LDL: Transport cholesterol to tissues
  • HDL: Transport cholesterol to liver
• What are proteins made of?

  Polypeptides composed of amino acids
• What is the primary structure of proteins?

  Unique sequence of amino acids
• What is denaturation in proteins?

  Unraveling and loss of native conformation
• What role do enzymes play in biological reactions?

  They act as catalysts
• What are chaperonins?

  Assist in proper folding of proteins
• What are the factors affecting protein conformation?

  • Temperature
  • pH
• What is the nitrogen cycle's role in amino acid metabolism?

  Involves transamination and deamination
• What is transamination?

  Transfer of amino group to keto group
• What is deamination?

  Removal of amino group from an organic compound
• What do nucleic acids do?

  Store and transmit hereditary information
• What is the monomer of DNA?

  Deoxyribonucleotide
• What is the primary function of RNA?

  For protein synthesis
• Compare DNA and RNA nucleotide structures.

  • DNA: Deoxyribonucleotide, deoxyribose, A-T, C-G
  • RNA: Ribonucleotide, ribose, A-U, C-G