General

• State two parts of the small intestine

  The ileum and the duodenum.
• What to microvilli in the small intestine do?

  They provide a larger surface area for increases aborption rates.
• Describe the role of lacteals?


  Lacteals absorb fats/fatty acids and glycerol, and transport them to lymph vessels.
• Define the term chromosome


  A chromosome is a structure/strands composed of DNA, which carry the genetic information of an organism.
• Suggest the target organ of FSH
• suggest the target organ of FSH

  Ovary
• State how FSH reaches its target organ?

  Through the plasma/blood
• What does amylase break down and into what?

  Amylase breaks starch down into maltose.
• Where is amylase produced?

  In the salivary glands and the pancreas
• What does protease break down, and into what?

  Protease breaks down proteins into amino acids
• Where is protease produced?

  Protease is produced in the stomach, pancreas and small intestine.
• What does lipase break down and into what?

  Lipase breaks down lipids into glycerol and fatty acids.
• Where is lipase produced?

  Pancreas, stomach, and mouth.
• What is nitrification?

  The process by which ammonia is converted into nitrite and then into nitrate by bacteria.
• What is deamination?

  The removal of an amino group from a molecule.
• What is denitrification?

  Denitrification is the process by which nitrates are converted into nitrogen gas, removing nitrogen from the soil or water.
• What is denitriying-bactiera?


  Denitrifying bacteria are microorganisms that convert nitrates into nitrogen gas, completing the nitrogen cycle.
• What is genetic engineering?

  Involves introducing a gene from one organism into the genome of another organism to introduce desirable characteristics
• Why are bacteria useful in genetic engineering?

  There are few ethical concerns regarding the manipulation of bacteria, and they are able to reproduce rapidly/ make complex molecules.
• What are some more reasons that bacteria are useful in genetic engineering?

  The presence of plasmids in bacteria are seperate from the main bacterial chromosome, which makes them easy to remove and manipulate in order to place back inside bacterial cells.
• What are plasmids?

  Small, circular rings of DNA, into which new genes can be inserted, removed or chnaged.
• What is anerobic respiration?

  Anaerobic respiration is respiration in the absence of oxygen
• Describe the role of anaerobic respiration in yeast during the production of ethanol for biofuels.

  Yeast breaks down to form ethanol and carbon dioxide in fermentation

  Glucose -> Ethanol + carbon dioxide

  C6H12O6 -> C2H5OH + CO2
• Describe the role of anaerobic respiration in bread-making


  Yeast breaks glucose down into carbon dioxide, the bubbles of carbon dioxide are what cause bread to rise.
• Describe the role of pectinase in fruit juice production

  Pectinase is an enzyme which breaks down pectin - this is found in the cell walls of plants and is what holds them together. As the pectinase enzyme breaks down the cell wall, it releases the contents of the cell, producing a high yield of fruit juice. It is also used to improve clarity of fuit juices.
• Describe the role od lactase in producing lactose-free milk.

  Lactase is an enzyme which breaks down lactose in milk - it can be used to create lactose-free milk which is safe for those with lactose-intolerances to drink.