Cell membrane transport

• Biological Molecules


  • Organic molecules
  • Inorganic molecules
• Organic molecules contain one or more carbon
• Inorganic molecules do not contain carbon
• Atoms, molecules, and cells are the basic units of life
• Types of chemical bonding

  • Ionic
  • Covalent
  • Hydrogen bonds
• Life processes are chemical reactions
• Water


  Makes up a large portion of living organisms, has important properties like high specific heat capacity, high heat vaporization, high surface tension, low viscosity, and acts as a solvent
• Hydrolysis


  Compounds are split into smaller pieces by the addition of a water molecule
• Condensation/synthesis


  Larger compounds are synthesized from smaller compounds
• Acid


  Substance that liberates hydrogen ions (H+) in solution
• Base


  Substance that liberates hydroxyl ions (OH-) in solution
• pH


  Measure of the concentration of H+ in a solution, represents the negative log of the H+ concentration
• Neutral solution


  pH of 7, [H+] = [OH-]
• Basic solution


  pH above 7, [H+] < [OH-]
• Acidic solution


  pH below 7, [H+] > [OH-]
• Buffer


  Molecules that prevent drastic changes in the pH of fluids, remove H+ and OH- and transfer them to other molecules
• Bicarbonate ion (HCO3-)


  Example of a buffer
• Classes of carbohydrates


  • Monosaccharides (simple sugars)
  • Disaccharides (double sugars)
  • Polysaccharides (complex sugars)
• Carbohydrates


  Compounds of carbon (C), hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O), function as structural elements and as a source of chemical energy
• Lipids


  Fatty substances, nonpolar and insoluble in water, provide insulation and are a secondary source of energy
• Triglycerides


  Glycerol and 3 fatty acids, the major fuel of animals
• Phospholipids


  Important components of cell membranes, polar and water-soluble on one end and nonpolar on the other
• Steroids


  Complex alcohols with fatlike properties, include cholesterol, vitamin D, and adrenocortical and sex hormones
• Proteins


  Large complex molecules composed of amino acids, function as structural framework, for growth and repair, as antibodies or enzymes that serve as catalysts
• Amino acids


  Linked by peptide bonds to form proteins
• Nucleic acids


  Complex molecules with particular sequences of nitrogenous bases that encode genetic information (nucleotides), the blueprint of cells
• DNA


  Consist of a ribose sugar, phosphate, and nitrogenous bases, double stranded
• RNA


  Consist of a deoxyribose sugar, phosphate and nitrogenous bases, single-stranded (includes mRNA, tRNA, rRNA)
• Protein production


  DNA undergoes transcription to produce RNA (mRNA), mRNA undergoes translation to produce proteins, tRNA assists in transporting amino acids to build proteins in ribosome
• is a sequence of 3 bases that encodes for a specific amino acid
• Protocells containing protein enzymes and DNA should have been selectively favored over those with only RNA
• Robert Hooke observed and coined the term "cell"
• Anton Van Leeuwenhoek invented the compound microscope
• Robert Brown described the nucleus and cytoplasmic movement
• Matthias Schleiden and Theodore Schwann proposed the cell theory
• Cell theory


  All organisms are composed of one or more cells, all tissues & organs are composed of cells, there is no life without cells
• Parts of an animal cell

  • Plasma membrane
  • Cytoplasm
  • Nucleus
  • Endoplasmic reticulum
  • Golgi complex
  • Vesicles
  • Lysosomes
  • Vacuoles
  • Peroxisomes
  • Mitochondria

  
• Plasma membrane


  The outer boundary of the cell which separates the internal metabolism of the cell from its environment
• Cytoplasm


  The portion of the cell outside the nucleus, and its semifluid portion is the cytosol, organelles are suspended in the cytoplasm
• Nucleus


  The largest organelle, contains the DNA and serves as control and information center, directs chemical reactions by transcribing DNA to RNA