GEOL 1 CHAPTER 7

• • Building Foundations - all engineering structures must be supported in some way on geologic materials.
• • bedrock - is at or near the surface will be relatively simple matter.
• • sedimentary rocks - are notorious for their strength anisotropies.
• • foundations carried to bedrocks - where rock does not outcrop at the surface in the vicinity of a building site, underground eploratory work is doubly essential.
• • fissured limestone bedrock -is overlain b clay strata of varying types with a layer of very hard glacial lodged till immediately above the rock.
• • shallow foundation - may bear on to clay strata, and piles of concrete piers on to the impervious layer.
• • bedrock surface contours - must also be known with certainty.
• • sloping bedrock surfaces - require special design and construction precaution.
• • spread footings - were therefore used to sloping rock at depth of 16 m (20 ft).
• • soil foundation - are the most ost common of all load bearing situations.
• • underpinning and pile driving - were required to correct the unsatisfactory condition.
• • bearing pile foundation - were chosen for the ten storey building.
• • test rods - were driven to determine the length of piles.
• • new core borings and an open test caisson -were put down to rock.
• • groundwater conditions - govern the success of building sites.
• • failing groundwater levels - one of the most widespread problems in civil engineering works.
• • groundwater - may also cause a foundation to float upward.
• • 4 methods of transmitting light loads to soil strata: 1. individual footings under columns 2. continuous raft or spread footings 3. end bearing piles were driven to the depths of safe load transmission 4. excavated cylindrical shaft in which concrete piers can be formed to transmit load from the footings to a safe bearing stratum.
• • bearing piles - are excellent foundation units when properly used in appropriate ground conditions.
• • floating foundation - structures to be constructed on weak or sensitive soil may also employ as floating foundation.
• • caisson foundation - covers a wide range of foundation structures.
• • bottom rim of the caisson - AKA cutting edge
  • edge is sharp or narrow and is made of structural steel
• • preloading of foundation beds - concept by thomas telford 1819 during the building of coledonial canal in scotland
• - thomas telford - (august 9, 1757-september 2, 1834) Scottish civil engineer and architect
• • Stanford Fleming - Scottish - born Canadian engineer and inventor. known for proposing standard time zone
• • building on fill - it is sometimes necessary to build on sites that are not naturally level requiring either fill or excavation.
• • the leaning tower of pisa - is the campanile or freestanding bell tower
• • the taj mahal - in agra, india regarded as one of the world's most beautiful buildings
• • old coal workings - are common hazards beneath some urban areas.
• • wooden piling decay and progressive settlement -can also often be corrected by underpinning.
• • small buildings - have to be erected on the soil that is clearly not enough for the normal type of foundation structure.
• • lightweight concrete - was used for the superstructure and other design features were included to keep the dead load to the minimum as possible.
• • powerhouse foundation - geothermal power, tidal power plants/water power plants, thermal plants, nuclear power