pharmacology week 1-6

• Pharmacology


  The study of drugs and how they interact with living systems (both human and animal) using physical properties, toxicology, chemical properties, and therapeutics
• Pharmacology


  • Combines the study of drug properties, drug mechanisms of action, anatomy, pharmacotherapy, physiology, and pathology
• Why is Pharmacology Important?

  Enables the choice of the right drug, dose, scheduling, and dosage form for the right patient
• Knowledge in pharmacology for pharmacy technicians

  Identify brand and generic names, decrease dispensing errors, select auxiliary labels, recognize drug interactions, work within scope of practice
• Plants have been used for a long time to treat illnesses
• In the twentieth century, there has been a large growth of knowledge in new drugs
• Steps in the research and development of new drugs

  1. Preclinical research

  2. Clinical studies (3 phases)

  3. New Drug Application Process

  4. Review
• Chemical Name


  Molecular structure of a drug
• Generic Name


  Non-proprietary name of a drug
• Brand Name


  Proprietary name given to a drug by the manufacturer
• When a drug patent expires, a generic version of the drug may be made by a different manufacturer</b>
• Inactive ingredients of generic equivalent drugs may differ
• Generic drugs are less expensive
• Controlled Drug and Substance Act is the most important drug legislation in Canada
• Basic routes of drug administration

  • Oral (Enteral)
  • Topical (skin and mucous membranes)
  • Injection (Parenteral)
  • Inhalation
• Systemic effects


  Normally produced through oral, injectable and inhalable drugs (and sometimes topical drugs)
• Pharmacodynamics


  Studies how a drug affects the body, and the mechanism of action of a drug will describe how the drug works to produce its effects
• Local effects


  Normally produced through topical drugs
• Drug Receptor Theory


  Drugs will bind to receptor sites on cells (carbohydrates, enzymes, lipids, proteins) to exhibit its effects on the body
• Factors affecting choice of drug formulation

  • Chemical properties
  • Human physiology
  • Ease of administration
  • Therapeutic objectives
  • Pre-existing diseases
• Oral administration


  May be more cost effective and easier to take compared to parenteral drugs, but can have issues with varying absorption, bioavailability, and possible destruction by stomach acids and enzymes
• Drug-receptor interactions


  • Binding is reversible (binds and unbinds) or irreversible (will not unbind once it is bound)
  • Many drugs use this method to produce pharmacological effects, but not all
  • Second messengers are receptors which exert a pharmacological response when a secondary receptor is activated by the first receptor

  
• Dosage forms available for oral administration


  • Tablets
  • Lozenges, troches and pastilles
  • Thin films
  • Capsules
  • Liquids
  • Suspensions
  • Syrups
  • Elixirs
  • Tinctures
  • Emulsions
• Types of Drug-Receptor Interactions

  • Agonist
  • Partial Agonist
  • Antagonist
  • Competitive antagonist
  • Non-competitive antagonist

  
• Dose-Response Relationship


  When increasing amounts of a drug administered, the effects of the drug normally increase as well

  
• Types of tablets


  • Immediate or regular release
  • Repeat-action
  • Delayed-action
  • Enteric-coated (EC)
  • Sustained-release (SR) or timed-release
  • Film or sugar coated
  • Oral disintegrating (ODT)
  • Chewable
  • Sublingual
  • Buccal
  • Troches, lozenges and pastilles
  • Thin film
• Dose-response curve


  Illustrates the dose-response relationship
• Capsules


  Solid dosage form made with active ingredient(s), binders and fillers, can be immediate release or controlled/delayed release
• Efficacy


  Describes how effective the drug is
• Potency


  Describes how much of the drug is necessary to produce a response
• Types of oral liquids

  • Suspension
  • Solutions
  • Syrups
  • Elixirs
  • Tinctures
  • Emulsions
• Ceiling Effect


  The maximum effectiveness of a drug
• Therapeutic Index


  Describes the how wide the margin is between the effective dose of the drug and the toxic dose of the drug

  
• Therapeutic Index Formula


  Therapeutic Index = Lethal Dose (LD50)/Effective Dose (ED50)

  
• Pharmacotherapeutics


  • Physiological Factors
  • Immunological Factors
  • Desensitization
  • Idiosyncratic
  • Psychological
• Osmotic controlled-release capsule


  Works when osmotic water pressure pushes the drug out of the capsule as it goes through the body
• Adverse Drug Reactions


  • Teratogenicity
  • Carcinogenic
  • Dependence and Tolerance
• Alzheimer's, Huntington's, and Parkinson's Disease

  Neurodegenerative diseases
• Oral liquids


  • Suspensions
  • Solutions
  • Syrups
  • Elixirs
  • Tinctures
  • Emulsions
• Types of Drug Interactions

  • Additive Effects
  • Synergistic Effects
  • Potentiation
  • Antagonism