Phacog

• Glycosides


  Sugar Ether (any sugar molecule combined to non-sugar molecules through glycosidic bonds)
• Glycosides


  Compounds that yield one or more products of hydrolysis
• The most frequently occurring sugar in glycosides is Beta D-glucose (plants)
• Uses of glycosides in plants

  • Regulatory
  • Protective
  • Sanitary
• Glycosides


  Secondary Metabolite of the Primary metabolite: Carbohydrates
• Glycosides can be hydrolyzed by mineral acids
• Aglycone


  Non-sugar component
• Glycone


  Sugar component
• Types of Cardiac Glycosides

  • Cardenolides (plants, 5 rings)
  • Bufadienolides (plants and animals, 6 rings)
• Unsaturated Steroidal Aglycone Tests

  • Liebermann-Burchard = blue/green; yellow for saturated
  • Salkowski = red/violet
• Deoxy Sugar Glycone Test


  • Keller-Kiliani test = reddish brown
• Digitalis or Foxglove


  From the dried leaf of Digitalis purpurea, contains Digitoxin, gitoxin, gitaloxin, Cardiotonic Glycosides (increase contraction of the heart)
• Grecian foxglove


  From the dried leaf of Digitalis lanata, contains Digitoxigenin, gitoxigenin, gitaloxigenin, digoxin (BN: Lanoxin 250mcg, most widely used cardiotionic glycoside), used to treat CHF and Arrhythmia
• Convollaria or Lily of the valley root


  From the dried rhizome of Convollaria majalis, contains Convallatoxin, convallataxol, convalloside
• Apocynum, Black Indian hemp, Dogbane, Canadian hemp


  From Apocynum cannabinum, contains Cimarin
• Adonis or Pheasant's eye


  From Adonis vernalis, contains Adonitoxin, Cymarin, K-strophanthin
• Cactus grandiflorus or night-blooming cereus


  From succulent stem of Selenicereus grandiflorus
• Black hellebore or Christmas rose


  From Helleborus niger, contains Hellebrin, used as Cardiac stimulant
• Strophanthus


  From Strophanthus kombe (contains K-strophanthoside, other name: strophoside), From Strophanthus gratus (contains Ouabain, upon hydrolysis = Ouabagenin & Rhamnose (sugar component))
• Squill or squill bulb


  From the bulb of Urginea maritima, contains Scillaren, used as expectorant but has cardiotonic and diuretic properties
• Anthraquinone Glycosides

  Aglycone - anthracene, used as stimulant cathartics, Borntrager's test = rose pink/red
• Cascara sagrada


  Aka Cascara buckthorn, sacred bark, from the dried bark of Rhamnus purshianus, aged for at least 1 year prior to use, Lane's Pill (contains Casanthranol) -used as laxative, purgative, constituents: Barbaloin & Chrysaloin, Cascarosides A&B - barbaloin isomers, Cascarosides C&D - chrysaloin isomers, principal use: correction of habitual constipation, bitterness & activity reduced by treating with MgO for 1 year
• Frangula or buckthorn bark

  From Rhamnus frangula
• Aloe


  From the dried latex of the leaves of Aloe barbadensis, constituents: Barbaloins (has anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, and wound healing properties), Aloe vera gel (for tx of burns, abrasions and other skin irritations), Aloe (used as pharmaceutic aid for compound benzoin tincture)
• Rhubarb


  Aka Chinese rhubarb, from the dried rhizome and root of Rheum officinale and Rheum palmatum, Indian Rhubarb or Himalayan Rhubarb from Rheum emodi, Rheum webbianum, constituent: rheinanthrones
• Senna


  From the dried leaflet of Cassia acutifolia (Known in commerce as Senna alexandrina), Cathartic, constituents: Sennosides A, B, C and D
• Chrysarobin


  From Goa powder aka Ring worm powder (used as keratolytic agent for psoriasis and chronic eczema), extracted from lysogenous cavities in the wood of Andira araroba
• Saponin Glycosides


  Aglycone: sapogenin, plants under saponin will be positive under froth test, foam upon shaken (froth test)-referred to as a 'natural detergent' because of their foamy texture, bitter, acrid taste, sternutatory (irritate mucus membrane and cause sneezing)
• Glycyrrhiza or Licorice


  From the dried roots of Glycyrrhiza glabra, constituent: glycyrrhizin (in the form of glycyrrhizic acid) – 50x as sweet as sugar, used as flavoring agent, and mask bitter taste
• Dioscorea


  Aka Yam, Dioscorea spiculiflora – contains botogenin and diosgenin which is a glucocorticoid precursor, Dioscorea floribunda–best source of steroids, constituent: Diosgenin (anti-inflammatory)
• Ginseng


  Panax ginseng (Asia), Panax quinquefolius (American), used as aphrodisiac and an adaptogen (helps body adapt to stress), constituents: Panaxosides, Ginsenosides, Chikusetsusaponin
• Cyanophore Glycosides


  Aka Cyanogenic glycosides, Test: Grignard Reaction Test (liberation of hydrocyanic acid) = Brick red color, Aglycone: D-mandelonitrile, Constituent: amygdalin and prunasin, Amygdalin (H2O and amygdalase) → mandelonitrile glucoside + glucose (H2O and prunase) → mandelonitrile + glucose → benzaldehyde + HCN, Emulsin – amygdalase and prunase (collectively)

  
• Bitter almond


  Prunus amygdalus, source of Laetrile (Vit B17) - controversial treatment for sickle cell anemia
• Apricots


  Prunus armeniaca
• Wild Cherry


  Aka Prunus virginiana or Wild black cherry tree, from the dried stem bark of Prunus serotina, contains: prunasin, used as flavored vehicle
• Isothiocyanate Glycosides


  Aglycone: isothiocyanates
• Black Mustard


  Aka Sinapis nigra, Brassica nigra, constituent: Sinigrin (upon hydrolysis → allylisothiocyanate or volatile oils), used as local irritant and emetic, the drug is a rubefacient and vesicant
• White Mustard


  Aka Sinapis alba, Brassica alba, constituent: Sinalbin (upon hydrolysis → acrinylisothiocyanate)
• Flavonol Glycosides


  Aglycone: flavonoids, mostly from citrus fruits
• Rutin and Hesperidin


  Vitamin P or Permeability factors (not an actual vitamin but a phytonutrient or nutrient from plants), Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory