Quotations, dashes, and hyphens part 10

• Quotation marks to indicate part of a published or unpublished work

  1. quotation marks are only used for titles that represent part of a complete work like titles of chapters
  2. Use quotation marks around titles of complete but unpublished works like dissertations
• Quotation marks in direct quotations and blocking longer quotations:

  1. quotation marks enclose a direct quotation.
  2. Quotes that stand as a complete sentence are preceded by commas or colons and will have the first world capitalized
  3. A partial quotation doesn't need a comma or colon and is incorporated into the flow of the sentence
  4. a quotation of 40 or more words is set off as a black rather than being enclosed in quotations
  5. removed words are symbolized by ellipses (. . .) and added words are symbolized by brackets [ ]
• More about quotation marks in direct quotes:

  1. a quote within a quotation should be enclosed by single quotation marks. The second single quotation mark falls outside punctuation marks
  2. periods and commas always go inside the closing quotation marks unless the quote ends with an in-text citation
• Quotation marks to give special emphasis:

  1. when using jargon or phrases not familiar to the reader, use quotation marks when they are first used
  2. When a word of expression is formally defined, the word is italicized
  3. A word referred to as a word may be enclosed in quotation marks or italicized
• Hyphens:

  1. A sign to join words to indicate they have a combined meaning or they are linked in the grammar of a sentence
  2. Hyphens join two or more words together
• Hyphens and compound nouns:

  1. Compound nouns aren't consistently hyphenated, some are solid or separated
  2. Some solid and hyphenated compound nouns resemble verb phrases. treat the elements of a compound nouns as separate words in verb phrases
• Hyphen and compound verbs and compound adjectives:

  1. compound verbs can be hyphenated or solid
  2. Compound adjectives are hyphenated when they occur before a noun. The exception to the rule is when the compound adjective is established and easy to understand
  3. Compound adjectives consist of two or more words that function as a unit and express a single thought
• Compound adjectives before and after the noun: When compound adjectives are used before the noun, they are hyphenated because they modified the noun. If they take place after the noun, they are written as two separate words if they aren't modifying the noun and hyphenated if they are modifying the noun
• what happens when compound adjectives consist of a noun plus an adjectives: they are always hyphenated whether it appears before or after the noun
• What do dashes do: They separate words into parenthetical statements
• Dashes interacting with nonessential internal commas: if a nonessential element already contains internal commas, use dashes in place of commas to set it off
• Dashes and emphasis to independent clauses: Dashes provide emphasis to the second independent clause in a compound sentence. use dashes in place of commas before the coordinating conjunction
• Dashes in less formal writing: Dashes can replace semicolons and colons in less formal writing
• Dashes and "these" "they" and "all" when they stand as the subject: Use a dash before words like "these" "They" and "all" when they stand as the subject preceding a lost of details
• Dashes and attribution: Use a dash before the name of an author when providing an attribution