L2 P3

• _____________ founded the Academy, a philosophical school, in 387 BCE. He wrote Protagoras, a discourse on virtue, and the Republic and the Laws, treatises on politics, law, and education.

  Plato
• _____________argued that reality existed in an unchanging world of perfect ideas—universal concepts such as truth, goodness, justice, and beauty. Individual instances of these concepts, as they appear to our senses, are but imperfect representations of the universal and eternal concepts that reside in an absolute idea, the Form of the Good.

  plato
• Plato's theory of knowledge is called_______________, a process by which individuals recall the ideas present but latent in their minds. Reminiscence implies that the human soul, before birth, has lived in a spiritual world of ideas, the source of all truth and knowledge.

  reminiscence
• The Republic divided inhabitants into three classes:

  (1) the philosopher-kings, the intellectual rulers; (2) the auxiliaries, themilitarydefenders; and

  (3) the workers, who produced goods and provided services.
• The ____________, educated for leadership, also were responsible for identifying the intellectually able in the next generation and preparing them for their destined roles.

  philosopher-kings
• The second class, _______________ courageous rather than intellectual, would be trained to defend the Republic and to take orders from the philosopher-kings.

  the warriors
• The third and largest class, ________________, would be trained as farmers and artisans.

  the workers
• Plato's curriculum fits the educational objectives of a hierarchical rather than an _____________y. Fearing that parents would pass on their ignorance and prejudices to their children, Plato wanted children reared by experts in child care.

  egalitarian society
• From ages __________n, children and adolescents attended schools to study music and gymnastics. "Music" was broadly defined to include reading, writing, literature, arithmetic, choral singing, and dancing.

  6 to 18
• From ages________ students pursued intensive physical and military training. At twenty, the future philosopher-kings would be selected for ten years of additional higher education in the more abstract and theoretical subjects of mathematics, geometry, astronomy, music, and science. At age

  thirty, the less intellectually able among this group would become

  civil servants;

  the most intellectually capable would continue the higher philosophical study of metaphysics, searching for the principles that explained ultimate reality.

  18 to 20
• Plato's student Aristotle (384-322 BCE), the tutor of Alexander the Great, founded the __________ an Athenian philosophical school, and wrote extensively on physics, astronomy, zoology, botany, logic, ethics, and metaphysics.

  Lyceum
• ____________examine education in relation to society and government.32 Unlike his mentor Plato, who believed that reality exists in the realm of pure ideas, Aristotle held that reality exists objectively. Whereas Plato founded philosophical idealism, Aristotle established realism.

  Nicomachean Ethics and Politics
• The Aristotelian emphasis on _______________ as the beginning of knowing and of instruction was later stressed by eighteenth- and nineteenth-century educators such as Pestalozzi.

  sensory experience
• Aristotle recommended

  compulsory schooling
• __________schooling was to consist of play, physical activity, and appropriate stories.

  Infant
• Children from ages___________ learned basic numeracy and literacy and proper moral habits to prepare them for future study in liberal arts. Their curriculum also included physical education and music to cultivate proper emotional dispositions

  7 to 14
• From age ______youths would study mathematics, geometry, astronomy, grammar, literature, poetry, rhetoric, ethics, and politics.

  15 to 21
• students would proceed to more theoretical subjects, such as physics, cosmology, biology, psychology, logic, and metaphysics.

  21
• Aristotle, like Plato, endorsed the idea that education was intended to prepare a person for ________

  higher studies
• Later, ____________ attacked the doctrine of education as preparation. Believing women were intellectually inferior to men, Aristotle was concerned only with male education. Girls were to be trained to perform the household and child-rearing duties necessary for their future roles as wives and mothers

  Dewey and other progressives