L2 P4

• An Aristotelian school's primary goal is to cultivate each student's _______. As academic institutions, schools should offer a prescribed subject-matter curriculum based on scholarly and scientific disciplines.

  rationality
• Roman law, originating with the _____, developed into an extensive legal system that adjudicated personal and property rights and served as the basis for later Western law. Highly skilled in architecture and engineering, the Romans constructed an extensive network of roads that facilitated trade and the rapid movement of their military legions throughout the empire. They built a system of aqueducts that carried fresh water from the mountains to Rome and the other cities.

  Twelve Tables
• Schools were private and attended only by males who could pay tuition. Whereas upper-class girls often learned to read and write at home or were taught by tutors, boys from these families attended a _________, a primary school, and then secondary schools taught by Latin and Greek grammar teachers.

  ludus
• Boys were escorted to these schools by educated Greek slaves, called_____________, from which the word pedagogy, meaning the art of instruction, is derived.

  pedagogues
• The ideal Roman ______________ was the broadly and liberally educated man of public life—the senator, lawyer, teacher, civil servant, and politician.

  orator
• ______________(CE 35-95), or Quintilian, was one of imperial Rome's most highly recognized rhetoricians.

  The emperor appointed him to the first chair of Latin rhetoric.

  Marcus Fabius Quintilianus
• Quintilian's Institutio Oratoria, a systematic educational treatise, discussed__________

  (1) the education preparatory to studying rhetoric, (2) rhetorical and educational theory, and

  (3) the practice of public speaking or declamation.
• Quintilian developed an early version of _________-- that corresponded to the patterns of human development. He recognized the importance of early childhood in shaping the patterns of adult behavior.

  stage-based learning
• For the first stage, ________ when children impulsively sought to satisfy their immediate needs and desires, he advised parents to select well-trained and well-spoken nurses, pedagogues, and companions for their children.

  0 to 7
• In Quintilian's second stage of education, _____________, the boy should learn from sense experiences, form clear ideas, and train his memory. He now learned to write the languages that he already spoke. The primary teacher, the litterator, who taught reading and writing in the ludus, must possess worthy character and teaching competence.

  7 to 14
• For the third stage of education ______--Quintilian emphasized the liberal arts. Bilingually and biculturally, students studied Greek and Latin grammar, literature, history, and mythology. Students also studied music, geometry, astronomy, and gymnastics

  14 to 17
• Prospective orators undertook rhetorical studies, the fourth stage, from______________. In rhetorical studies Quintilian included drama, poetry, law, philosophy, public speaking, declamation, and debate.36 Declamations— systematic speaking exercises—were of great importance. After being properly prepared, the novice orator spoke to a public audience in the forum and then returned to the master rhetorician for expert criticism.

  17 to 21
• Western culture and education inherited a rich legacy from

  ancient Greece and Romeq
• Islamic civilization, originating with the Arabs, became a global cultural and educational force through its ability to absorb, reinterpret, and transmit knowledge from one world region to another.37 The origins of Islamic culture began with +______________ (569-632),

  Mohammed
• an Arab religious reformer and proselytizer, who is revered by his followers as the last and most important of God's prophets.

  Mohammed
• Mohammed began his religious mission in Arabia, in ______________ in 610

  Mecca
• He organized his ideas into Islam, a new religion, with a sacred book, the__________ Like Judaism and Christianity, Islam, a monotheistic religion, affirms the existence of one God.

  Koran, or Qur'an.
• Written in Arabic, the Koran, Islam's most sacred book, prescribes the pillars of faith and religious observance. Prayers are to be said five times each day____________

  at dawn

  noon

  midafternooon

  sunset

  nightfall
• Today, Islam is the religious faith of __________of the world's population.It is the dominant religion in the Arab countries of the Middle East and North Africa,and its influence extends to Indonesia, Malaysia, and Pakistan, as well as other countries in Asia. In addition, Muslims, followers of Islam, live in countries throughout the world, although often as minorities.

  one-eighth
• It enjoins Muslims to provide charity for the poor. Annually, in the month of Ramadan, fasting from food, drink, and sexual relations is prescribed from dawn until sundown. _________________— is an obligation for those who are physically and financially able to perform it.

  The pilgrimage to Mecca—the Hajj