L2 P1

• faced the almost overwhelming problems of surviving in an environment that pitted them against drought and floods, wild animals, and attacks from hostile groups. By trial and error, they developed survival skills that over time became cultural patterns

  Preliterate people
• ______________children learn the group's language and skills and assimilate its moral and religious values. Over time, groups developed survival skills and passed these on to their young.

  enculturation
• They marked the passage from childhood to adulthood with ritual dancing, music, and dramatic acting to create a powerful supernatural meaning and evoke a moral response. Thus children learned the group's prescriptions (___________) as well as its proscriptions or taboos (_________)

  acceptable behaviors

  
  

  forbidden behaviors
• Lacking writing to record their past, preliterate societies relied on____________to transmit their cultural heritage.

  Oral tradition storytelling
• In certain places around the world, groups developed their own written languages, which supplemented the earlier oral traditions of prehistory. To illustrate the development of education, we look at three great ancient cultures:

  the Chinese

  the Egyptian

  the Hebraic
• Like many people, the early Chinese were ________ and believed their language and culture to be superior to all others. Scorning foreigners as barbarians, the Chinese were inward-looking, seeing little value in other cultures. Eventually, imperial China's reluctance to adopt technology from other cultures isolated and weakened it and, by the nineteenth century, made it vulnerable to foreign exploitation.

  ethnocentric
• third century BCE, when China was beset by political and cultural upheaval. During such periods of ________________educational controversies focus on either preserving or changing the culture. Three competing philosophies______________proposed different paths for education.

  social turmoil

  Legalism,

  Taoism

  Confucianism
• ___________---came to power in 207 BCE, Confucianism replaced Legalism as China's official philosophy. Unlike Western philosophers, Confucius (551-479 BCE) did not deal with theological or metaphysical issues about the human being's relationship to God or the universe.

  HAN DYNASTY
• Teachers need to personify this___________ and to practice it in their classrooms. Confucius believed there was a proper way to behave on all occasions that governed all people in society and that no one should be excused from this propriety.

  model of civility
• Confucius' ____________education means to learn how to perform the appropriate behaviors associated with the person's role and rank. By understanding the roles and practicing the correct behaviors in the network of human relationships, social harmony is instilled and maintained within the community.

  Ethical or character
• Mentoring was important in Confucius' philosophy of education. As a teacher, Confucius' students esteemed him as _______________

  the master
• The Confucianist core curriculum included studying selected great books such as the_____________________

  Summarizing Confucius' philosophy, these texts were used in Chinese education from 1313 to 1905 CE.

  Classics of Change

  of Documents,

  of Poetry,

  of Rites

  and the Spring

  and Autumn Annals.
• An important educational legacy from ancient China was its system of ________________

  national examinations
• _______________________--was regarded as a waste of time that detracted from memorizing and reciting the texts.

  Alternative thinking
• ______________________—one of the world's earliest civilizations—developed as a river-valley culture. Because of the Nile River's life-sustaining water, agricultural groups established small village settlements, which were organized into tribal kingdoms, on the riverbanks. About 3000 BCE these kingdoms consolidated into a large empire, which eventually became a highly organized and centralized political colossus.

  Ancient Egypt
• An important Egyptian religious and political principle affirmed the divine origin of pharaoh, ________________________The concept of divine emperorship gave social, cultural, political, and educational stability to the Egyptian empire by endowing it with supernaturally sanctioned foundations.

  the emperor
• To administer and defend their vast empire, they studied statecraft, and their concern with_________________ led them to study medicine, anatomy, and embalming. The Egyptians also developed a system of writing, a ______________ that enabled them to create and transmit a written culture.

  mummification

  hieroglyphic script
• ________________The Egyptians had established an extensive system of temple and court schools to train scribes, many of whom were priests, in reading and writing.

  By 2700 BCE
• __________________students learned to write the hieroglyphic script by copying documents on papyrus, sheets made from reeds growing along the Nile. Teachers dictated to students, who copied what they heard. The goal was to reproduce a correct, exact copy of a text. Often students would chant a short passage until they had memorized it thoroughly. Advanced students studied mathematics, astronomy, religion, poetry, literature, medicine, and architecture.

  scribal schools
• Ancient Egypt's role in shaping Western civilization is controversial. In 332 BCE ___________________conquered Egypt and incorporated it into Hellenistic civilization, which in turn had been shaped by ancient Greek culture.

  Alexander the Great