L2 P5

• By 661 Arabian forces had occupied and established Islam as the official religion in Palestine, Syria, Persia, and Egypt. The cities of Baghdad, Cairo, Damascus, and Cordoba became renowned centers of Islamic culture and education. _________________, in particular, a prominent educational center, attracted Arab, Greek, Persian, and Jewish scholars. Mohammed's followers extended Islamic influence through conquest and conversion.

  Baghdad
• During the ____________period, Cordoba, with a population of 500,000 people, 700 mosques, and 70 libraries, became a leading Arab cultural and educational center.40 The Islamic, or ______________, kingdoms of Spain persisted until 1492, when they were conquered by the armies of Christian Spain.

  Moorish
• Islamic scholars translated the texts of leading ancient Greek authors such as ____________s into Arabic. The translated works became important in Islamic education and, through contacts between Arabs and Europeans, were reintroduced into Western education.

  Aristotle

  Euclid

  Archimedes

  Hippocrates
• In particular, ______________ (1126-1198) wrote important commentaries on Aristotle that influenced medieval European scholastic educators. Islamic scholars contributed to astronomy, mathematics, and medicine. In mathematics, Arab scholars adopted the number system from the Indians but made the crucial addition of zero.This innovation made it possible to replace the cumbersome Latin system.

  Ibn-Rushd

  or

  Averroes
• Middle Ages, or medieval period, in that it spanned the time between the end of the Greco-Roman classical era and the beginning of what we call the____________

  modern period
• The medieval period was characterized first by a ____________________ and then by its revival by Scholastic educators. After the Roman Empire in the west collapsed, the Catholic Church, headed by the pope in Rome, partially filled the resulting political, cultural, and educational vacuum.

  decline in learning
• Universities such as Paris, Bologna, Salerno, Oxford, and Cambridge provided higher education, namely in ___________ Merchant and craft guilds also established vocational schools to train their apprentices in specific trades. Knights, the military aristocrats, learned military tactics and the chivalric code in the castles. As in the earlier Greek and Roman eras, class and gender limited schooling to only a small minority.

  theology,

  law,

  and medicine.
• The majority of students were men, studying for religious careers as priests or monks. The vast majority of people were______________who were usually illiterate and worked on the estates of feudal lords.

  serfs
• Women of the noble classes also followed the prescriptions of their class and learned the roles appropriate to the ________________, which often meant managing the domestic life of castle or manor.

  code of chivalry
• a noted scholar, was educated as a nun in the Benedictine order.

  Hildegard of Bingen (1098-1179CE)
• the superior, of a Benedictine convent in Germany, where she directed the nuns' religious and educational formation.

  abbess
• Her religious texts, ________________-, were written to guide the spiritual development of women in her community. A versatile educator, Hildegard composed religious hymns and wrote medical tracts about the causes, symptoms, and cures of illnesses.

  The Ways of God

  
  

  The Book of Divine Works
• By the eleventh century, medieval educators had developed ___________________—a method of theological and philosophical scholarship, and teaching. The Scholastics adhered to the scriptures and doctrines of the Christian faith and human reasoning, especially Aristotle's philosophy, as complementary sources of truth. The Scholastics believed that the Bible and the teachings of the Church were revealed supernatural truths.

  Scholasticism
• Scholastic philosophy and education reached its zenith in the ___________--(1225-1274), a Dominican theologian at the University of Paris.

  Summa Theologiae of Saint Thomas Aquinas
• Aquinas was primarily concerned with___________—that is, linking Christian doctrine with Aristotle's Greek philosophy. Aquinas used both faith and reason to answer basic questions about the Christian concept of God, the nature of humankind and the universe, and the relationship between God and humans

  reconciling authorities
• Although they live temporarily on Earth, their ultimate purpose is_____________Aquinas agreed with Aristotle that human knowledge begins in sensation and is completed by conceptualization.

  to experience eternity with God in heaven.
• In_______________ (Concerning the Teacher), Aquinas portrayed the teacher's vocation as combining faith, love, and learning. Teachers need to be contemplative and reflective scholars, expert in their subjects, active and skilled instructors, and lovers of humanity.

  de Magistro
• They emphasized basic principles and their implications. In addition to formal schooling, Aquinas recognized the importance of informal education through family, friends, and environment.Aquinas's philosophy, called ____

  Thomism
• Thomism also influenced humanists such as _______________who are discussed in the chapter on Philosophical Roots of Educatio

  Robert Hutchins

  Jacques Maritain

  Mortimer Adler
• The medieval educators recorded, preserved, and transmitted knowledge by presenting it in a _______________________ based on the Christian religion and Aristotle's philosophy.

  scholastic framework