lesson 1-2

• Theodore Levitt- the former professor at the Harvard Business School credited with the coining the term "globalization"
• Globalization- is a complex Phenomena that occurs at Multiples levels
• Globalization- is an Uneven process that affects people differently
• Globalization- refers to the existence of free exchange of goods, services, culture and people between and among countries.
• MANFRED STEGER- "The expansion and intensification of social relations and consciousness across world-time and across world-space.”
• Expansion - refers to “both the creation of new social networks and the multiplication of existing connections that cut across traditional political, economic, cultural, and geographical boundaries.“
• Intensification - refers to the expansion, stretching, and acceleration of these networks. Not only are global connections multiplying, but they are also becoming more closely-knit and expanding their reach.
• Zygmunt Bauman (2003)- Globalization is a very important change, if not, the“most important”
• Martin Albrow (1996)-The reality and omnipresence of globalization makes us see ourselves as part of what we refer to as "global age".
• Dr Nayef Al-Rodhan-This resulted in different, sometimes contradicting views about the concept. it cannot be contained within a specific time frame, all people and all situations
• Tomas Larsson -“is the process of world shrinkage, of distances getting shorter, things moving closer. It pertains to the increasing ease with which somebody on one side of the world can interact, to mutual benefit, with somebody on the other side of the world
• Martin Khor -Globalization as colonization.
• George Ritzer - Globalization is a transplanetary process or a set of processes involving increasing liquidity and the growing multidirectional flows of people, objects, places and information as well as the structures they encounter and create that are barriers to, or expedite, those flows…”
• CLASSIFICATION OF THE DEFINITION OF GLOBALIZATION
• METAPHORS OF GLOBALIZATION- SOLID, LIQUID, and flow
• Political Globalization-refers to the diplomatic negotiations between nationstates. It includes the standardization of global rules around trade, criminality, and the rule of law
• Social Globalization-the movement of people.
• Economic Globalization-process in which businesses, organizations, and countries begin operating on an international scale.
• Technological Globalization -refers to the spread of technology around the world
• Financial Globalization - refers to the ease at which money can be spread around the world.
• Cultural Globalization- refers to the spread and mixing of cultures around the world.
• Ecological Globalization- refers to the idea that the world needs to be considered one interconnected ecosystem.
• • FIVE SCAPES OF GLOBALIZATION- ethnoscape- technoscape ideoscape- financescape -mediascape
• Arjun Appadurai- Conceptualized the five scapes of globalization
• ETHNOSCAPE- refers to the flow/movement of people across boundaries
• TECHNOSCAPE -refers to the way technologies help speed up cross-border movements
• IDEOSCAPE -refers to the ideas, symbols and narratives that have spread around the globe
• FINANCESCAPE -refers to the rapid movement of money across borders.
• MEDIASCAPE-Refers to the global flow of media images, news, and entertainment.
• EFFECTS OF GLOBALIZATION- INDUSTRIAL-FINANCIAL-ECONOMIC-POLITICAL-Competition-ECOLOGICAL-SOCIAL
• INDUSTRIAL- emergence of worldwide production markets and broader access to a range of foreign products for consumers and companies. Particularly movement of material and goods between and within national boundaries
• FINANCIAL - emergence of worldwide financial markets and better access to external financing for borrowers; emergence of under or un-regulated foreign exchange and speculative markets
• ECONOMIC- realization of a global common market, based on the freedom of exchange of goods and capital
• POLITICAL- Some use “globalization” to mean the creation of the world government, or cartels of governments (e.g. WTO, World Bank, and IMF) which regulate the relationships among governments and guarantees the rights arising from social and economic globalization
• Competition- Survival in the new global business market calls for improved productivity and increased competition
• ECOLOGICAL- Climate change and cross-boundary water
• SOCIAL- Spreading of multiculturalism, and better individual access to cultural diversity through media
• TECHNOLOGY- Global interconnectedness is made possible by technological advances such as satellite communication, internet, mobile phones, etc.
• Theory- formal set of ideas that is intended to explain why something happens or exists
• HOMOGENEITY - refers to the increasing sameness in the world as cultural inputs, economic factors, and political orientations of societies expand to create common practices, same economies, and similar forms of government.