Lesson 2-3

• Patterns of Development


  Logical arrangement of ideas that helps you to follow ideas easily, as well as to recognize and predict ideals to understand a text better
• Definition


  • Clarifies ideas by answering the question, "what does it mean?"
  • Signal words: Is defined as, refers to, as defined as, to define, means, to illustrate
• Exemplification/Classification


  • Organizes the idea
  • Provides specific and concrete examples to expound on the main idea
  • Signal Words (Exemplification): After all, in other words, specifically, for example, in particular, to illustrate, for instance, in short, to clarify, stated differently, put another way, that is
  • Signal Words (Classification): Another, Classified As, One kind, another kind, final type, the first category, the last group, the next type
• Description


  • Provides details on the idea, sensory or spatial
  • Signal Words: Above, across; Around, below; beyond, down; into, against; along, away from; beside, farther; on top of, amidst; back of, behind; here, inside; opposite to, over; by, beneath; beneath, in, in front of, under
• Chronology/Procedure/Listing


  • Organizes ideas or events chronologically according to time
  • Signal Words (Chronology & Procedure): as soon as, about, finally; first meanwhile, till, today; afterwards, after, later; immediately, next week; then, tomorrow, at this point; at, eventually, next; presently, soon, that point; before, during; in the meantime; prior to; second; when
  • Signal Words (Listing): Additionally, and then, further, likewise, again, another, furthermore, moreover, along with, as well, in addition, next, also, besides, in the same way, together with, and, equally important
• Cause and Effect/Problem-Solution


  • Recognizes the cause and the effect
  • Signal Words (Cause): Because, as, for, being that, for the reason that, in that, one reason, in view of, in as much as, seeing that, since
  • Signal Words (Effect): As a consequence, because (of this), in consequence, so that, as a result of, consequently, therefore, accordingly, for this reason, hence, so, thus
  • Signal Words (Problem-Solution): But, nonetheless, one solution is, first, second, one reason for this, one way is, the proble, the solution
• Compare and Contrast


  • Recognizes how similar or different two concepts are from one another
  • Signal Words (Comparison): also, similarly, equally, in the same way, as, like, to compare, both, in comparison, likewise, in a similar fashion
  • Signal Words (Contrast): although, and yet, counter to, despite, as opposed to, but, even so, unlike, in contrast, on the other hand, yet, even though, still, otherwise
• Persuasion


  • To persuade or to convince
  • Signal Words (Emphasizing a point): Again, in that case, to emphasize, truly, for this reason, indeed, to repeat, with this in mind, in fact
  • Signal Words (Conceding a point): Admittedly, it is true that, obviously, true, assurely, needless to say, of course, undoubtedly, certainly, no doubt, to be sure, unquestionable, granted
• Summarizing


  Putting main ideas into your own words while including the main point. Normally shorter than the normal text.
• Paraphrasing


  Putting a passage into your own words
• Tips for Paraphrasing


  1. Read the text carefully and take not of important information

  2. Look up any difficult words and synonyms for them

  3. Find different ways of expressing information

  4. Rewrite sentences

  5. Write your paraphrase from memory

  6. Revise
• Direct Quoting


  • A short part of text, an exact copy
  • Used on a text that conveys a powerful message or will show less impact