Funda Lec Midterms

• Modern-day nursing


  Very different from the time of the Crimean War and different from the time of both World Wars. Nursing was considered more of a helping role than a professional career.
• Nursing today


  • Nurses have a broader range of practice options. They can work in various specializations and focus areas, such as ambulatory care, cardiac care, and emergency rooms, or as certified nurse-midwives (CNMs) or family nurse practitioners (FNPs). Nurses also have various responsibilities, from educating patients on self-care practices to prescribing and administering medications.
• The evolution of nursing from a smaller-scope profession to a field with many specialties is primarily a result of improved nursing practice education.
• Each nursing area requires different skills, so no matter where nurses are in their careers, they can opt to advance their education to expand their skill sets and practice knowledge.
• Nursing ranks as the most honest, ethical profession in the U.S.
• Nursing is the largest healthcare profession in the nation
• U.S. registered nurse employment growth is projected at 9% from 2020-2030.
• 9 million more nurses are needed to achieve global universal health coverage by 2030.
• Origin of professional nursing during the Roman Empire

  A.D. 300
• Evolution of nursing into a modern profession

  Occurred centuries later amid a war-torn Europe
• Following the collapse of the Roman Empire in A.D. 476, the eastern part of the empire survived, becoming the Byzantine Empire. Here, nursing began rising. For example, in Constantinople during this time, two hospitals were built that had male and female nurses.
• During the Middle Ages in Europe in the 10th and 11th centuries, nurses began working as part of monasteries and other religious organizations.
• The roots of modern nursing began forming in the 18th and 19th centuries. In North America and Britain, health services were expanded and categorized into different nursing branches — the origin of nursing specialties. However, no uniform set of nursing practices existed across these geographic areas.
• When the Crimean War began, nursing advanced into a profession that more closely resembles today's nursing practice, compared with earlier forms of nursing. The war heightened the need to treat infection-related illnesses and battle wounds that required amputation or suturing, and nurses whom Nightingale led stepped up to provide care on the front lines of the war.
• Nurses today


  • Can choose a nurse practitioner (NP) track and acquire the clinical knowledge and essential skills to perform similar activities as doctors, including prescribing medicines in states with full practice authority.
• Common activities that nurses perform in their jobs

  • Taking vital signs
  • Drawing blood samples
  • Recording medical histories on electronic health records (EHRs)
  • Assessing and determining symptoms
  • Conducting physical examinations
  • Ordering or conducting diagnostic tests
  • Working with physicians to recommend care options
  • Providing education on self-care
  • Administering medication
• Nurse responsibilities have expanded over time with the heightened importance of patient safety and advanced-nursing practice, which applies science and technology to improve healthcare delivery.
• Providing nurses with an evidence-based framework to maximize health outcomes is an important aspect of the evolution of nursing and can be traced back to Nightingale.
• Evidence-based practice began appearing in literature in the mid-1990s, but the nursing community didn't embrace it until the 2000s. In nursing, it's a systematic approach that integrates clinical expertise with scientific knowledge to improve practice and patient outcomes.
• How evidence-based practice can help nurses

  • Identify clinical problems and apply effective interventions correctly
  • Evaluate current methods to identify areas for improvement
  • Apply new knowledge in clinical practice to further advance nursing science
  • Deliver higher quality and safer care to improve patient outcomes
  • Make better patient care decisions and eliminate activities of little to no benefit to patients
  • Streamline healthcare processes through technology and best practices, saving nurses valuable time
  • Provide individualized care to patients
• 1973 definition of nursing

  Direct, goal-oriented, adaptable to individual, family, and community needs during health and illness
• 1980 definition of nursing


  Diagnosis and treatment of human responses to actual or potential health problems
• 1995 definition of nursing


  Recognized influence and contribution of science of caring to nursing philosophy and practice
• Current (2010, 2015) definition of nursing

  Protection, promotion, and optimization of health and abilities, prevention of illness and injury, alleviation of suffering through diagnosis and treatment of human response, advocacy in care of individuals, families, communities, and populations
• Recipients of nursing

  • Consumers: Individuals, groups, or communities using healthcare services or commodities
  • Patients: Individuals waiting for or undergoing medical treatment and care; traditionally associated with illness or surgery
  • Clients: Individuals engaging advice or services of qualified providers, emphasizing collaboration and responsibility for health status; preferred term in modern nursing practice
• Scope of nursing practice

  • Promoting health and wellness
  • Preventing illness
  • Restoring health
  • Caring for the dying
• Promoting health and wellness

  • Wellness: Actualization of human potential, Prevention of substance abuse, Healthy lifestyle enhancement, Physical wellness, Preventing injury in workplace and home
• Preventing illness


  • Maintaining optimal health through disease prevention: Immunization, Family planning, Hygiene, Sex education
• Restoring health


  • Helping client recover, Providing healthcare e.g. giving needs, bathing, etc.
• Caring for the dying


  • Comforting dying patient, Palliative Care: specialized medical care for people living with a serious illness, Hospice Nurse: Provides end-of-life care and psychological support
• Roles and functions of the nurse

  • Caregiver, Communicator, Teacher, Client Advocate, Counselor, Change Agent, Leader, Manager, Case Manager, Research Consumer
• Man is a unity who can be viewed as functioning biologically, symbolically, and socially and who initiates an ongoing process of self-actualization.
• Roles of nurses

  • Advocate for clients
  • Make behavior modifications
  • Advocate for changes in healthcare systems if needed
• Leader


  Influencing others to work together towards a specific goal at various levels: individual client, family, groups, colleagues, or community
• Manager

  Managing nursing care for individuals, families, and communities, including assigning and delegating nursing activities, supervising and evaluating performance
• Case Manager


  Working with multidisciplinary healthcare teams to measure effectiveness of case management plans and monitor outcomes
• Research Consumer


  Using research to improve client care, requiring awareness of the research process and language, sensitivity to human subjects' rights, participation in identifying researchable problems, and discerning consumption of research findings
• Atomistic Approach


  The study of man as an organism composed of different organ systems, each system composed of organs made up of tissue cells
• Holistic or Total Approach


  The view that traces the pattern of man's relationship with other beings in the supra system of society
• The knowledge of atomistic and holistic approaches of studying man is useful in planning his care during illness in its prevention