L2 P7

• To ensure doctrinal conformity, religious educators developed the_______________________- In question-and-answer form, catechisms summarized the particular denomination's doctrines and practices. Although memorization had always been a feature of schooling, the catechistic method reinforced it. The belief was that if children memorized the catechism, they would internalize the doctrines of their church. The question-and-answer format gained such a powerful hold on schools that it was also used in teaching secular subjects such as history and geography.

  Catechistic method of instruction
• used the question and answer method:

  Master: What is the chief end of human life?

  Scholar: To know God by whom men were created.

  Calvin's Catechism of the Church of Geneva
• In the nineteenth century, the same method appeared in +__________________________

  
  

  Q. When did the battle of Lexington take place?

  A. On the 19th of April, 1775; here was shed the first blood in the American Revolution.

  Davenport's History of the United States
• As these figures suggest, reformers wanted both girls and boys to attend the primary ___________________--and their efforts increased school attendance for both sexes.

  vernacular schools
• Many strong characters—____________________________among them—made an impact on the Protestant Reformation and the Roman Catholic Counter Reformation. Martin Luther was a leading German religious reformer whose influence extended throughout northern Europe

  Calvin, Zwingli, Ignatius Loyola, and Henry VIII
• stands out as one of the most important religious reformers in shaping Western history and education.59 An Augustinian monk in Germany, Luther had grown increasingly critical of Catholic practices. In 1517 at Wittenberg, he posted his famous Ninety-five Theses on the door of the castle church, challenging the authority of the pope and the Roman Catholic Church.


  Martin Luther (1483-1546)
• Luther's "___________________" advised public officials to take educational responsibility and emphasized schooling's political, economic, and spiritual benefits.

  Letter to the Mayors and Aldermen of All Cities of Germany in Behalf of Christian Schools
• Luther's views on women's education reflected traditional restrictions but also contained liberating ideas. Influenced by _______________ he believed that the husband, as the head of the household, had authority over his wife. Domestic duties and childrearing remained women's appropriate roles.

  Saint Paul
• To design and implement educational reforms, Luther relied heavily on the humanist educator, _________________(1497-1560). In 1559, ___________drafted the School Code of Würtemberg, which became a model for other German states.

  Philipp Melanchthon
• The code specified that primary vernacular schools be established in every village to teach religion, reading, writing, arithmetic, and music. Classical secondary schools, gymnasien, were to provide Latin and Greek instruction for those select young men expected to attend universities


  School Code of Würtemberg
• While vernacular schools provided primary instruction to the lower socioeconomic classes, the various classical humanist grammar schools prepared upper-class males for higher education. European colonists in turn brought this _____________________ to the New World.

  two-track school structure
• In the eighteenth century, however, religious influence over education was challenged by the naturalism and rationalism of the eighteenthcentury ____________________________-which spread throughout Europe and the Americas

  Age of Reason the Enlightenment
• ________________, examined the present and looked forward to the future. Rather than relying on tradition, Enlightenment educators emphasized using reason and the scientific method to improve the present situation and to create a better future.

  Enlightenment philosophers scientists, and educators
• They used the __________ of empirical observation to discover how nature and the universe worked.

  scientific method
• Rousseau, Pestalozzi, and the progressive educators, discussed in the chapters on Pioneers of Modern Teaching and Philosophical Roots of Education, were influenced by the Enlightenment view that ________________________and that teachers should base instruction on children's interests and needs.

  children were naturally good
• The leaders of the American Revolution such as _________________-whose ideas are discussed in the chapter on the Historical Development of American Education, were especially influenced by the Enlightenment's political ideology.

  Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson
• The Declaration of Independence and the Constitution embodied such Enlightenment principles as the natural rights of life, liberty, and pursuit of happiness and republican government free from _____________

  absolutism