Science

• Rocks


  Composed of materials that differ in sizes, shapes, and colors
• Rocks seem to be very hard, dense, and indestructible, but they still break</b>
• Weathering


  The breaking of rocks into fragments
• Weathering


  • An important process that helps shape the Earth's surface
  • Leads to the formation of soil and different landforms
  • Responsible for amazing rock formations
• Mechanical weathering


  The physical wearing away of rocks
• Chemical weathering


  Involves a change in the composition of rocks that allows them to break down into pieces
• Weathering have two types the _________ and _______ weathering

  Mechanic and chemical
• Agents of Weathering


  • Water
  • Wind
  • Temperature
  • Plants
  • Animals
  • People
• Weathering


  The process that causes rocks to break into pieces
• How water causes weathering

  1. Strong waves hitting rocks

  2. Water seeping into cracks

  3. Water expanding when frozen
• Formations caused by wind weathering

  • Mahayaw Arch in Sabtang Island, Batanes, Philippines
• How wind causes weathering

  Carrying sand or small rock particles that scratch the rocks' surface
• Mechanical weathering


  Weathering that results in different rock formations
• How temperature causes weathering

  1. Rocks expanding when exposed to high temperatures

  2. Rocks contracting when exposed to low temperatures

  3. Repeated expansion and contraction
• How plants cause weathering


  1. Lichens, ferns, and mosses growing on rocks

  2. Trees' growing roots breaking the cemented ground
• The metabolic or life process of plants can cause the gradual breakage of rocks into smaller pieces
• Agents of Weathering


  • Water
  • Wind
  • Temperature
  • Plants
  • Animals
  • People
• Weathering


  The process that causes rocks to break into pieces
• How water causes weathering

  1. Strong waves hitting rocks

  2. Water seeping into cracks and expanding when frozen
• Formations caused by wind weathering

  • Mahayaw Arch in Sabtang Island, Batanes, Philippines
• How wind causes weathering

  Carrying sand or small rock particles that scratch the rock surface
• Mechanical weathering


  Weathering that results in different rock formations
• How temperature causes weathering

  Repeated expansion and contraction of rocks due to temperature changes
• How plants cause weathering

  1. Lichens, ferns, and mosses growing on rocks

  2. Tree roots breaking cemented ground
• The metabolic or life process of plants can cause gradual breakage of rocks into smaller pieces
• Dry and coarse soil

  Because of too much soil erosion
• Effects of Soil Erosion on Landforms

  • Appearance and structure of a landform do not change overnight
  • It would take hundreds of years to change the appearance and structure of a certain landform
  • Sand dunes would form after plenty of soil accumulate and form a huge mass over an existing large mass of rocks and soil
  • This process happens over and over again
• Soil erosion


  • Can destroy large masses of land
  • Can transform a mountain to a hill or plateau
• Excessive deforestation, mining, and conversion of mountains to residential or commercial lands


  Could trigger erosion that can be destructive to the environment
• Effects of Soil Erosion on Living Things

  • Plants get most of its nutrients from the topsoil
  • Topsoil contains the organic materials produced by dead plants and animals
  • Topsoil is usually carried away by wind and water
  • Once the topsoil is gone, the nutrients for plants will be carried away as well
• Too much soil erosion


  • Makes the soil unable to hold or absorb water
  • Makes the soil dry, coarse, and eventually unfit for vegetation
• Sediments washed away by water


  Can clog irrigation systems and can further inhibit the plant's water supply
• Effect of erosion on plants


  Less food production
• Less food production


  Can affect animals and humans since plants are their main source of food and nutrients
• People who depend on farming as their source of livelihood


  Will have problems if they do not have a healthy and fertile soil to plant on
• Erosion brought about by water

  Can wash mine tailings to nearby bodies of water and pollute them
• Polluted seas and rivers


  Can affect aquatic plants and animals, as well as the potable water supply of animals and humans
• Showing wind erosion


  • Observing
  • Comparing
  • Inferring
• Showing wind erosion


  1. Pour 1 cup of fine sand on paper plate

  2. Slowly fan the sand

  3. Fan the sand faster

  4. Try different fanning speeds

  5. Draw the shape formed
• Speed of fanning


  Affects the shape of the sand formed