Introdevcom Midterm

• United Nations: 'Development is a multidimensional undertaking to achieve a higher quality of life for all people — Economic Development, Social Development, and Environmental Protection are interdependent and mutually reinforcing components of sustainable development.'
• Society for International Development: 'Development is a process that creates growth, progress, positive change, or the addition of physical, economic, environment, social and demographic components.'
• The term "development" encompasses the need and the means by which to provide better lives for people in poor countries. It includes not only economic growth, but also human development — providing for health, nutrition, education, and a clean environment.
• The First Development Decades - 60s


  Developed was the desired goal or end-state for countries in Asia, Africa, and Latin America, all with agricultural-based economies and post-colonial histories.
• Diplomats, planners, and policymakers institutionalized "development" and Western nations become donors and countries like, Asia, Africa, and Latin America as the beneficiaries. These focused on infrastructure and agricultural productivity.
• Gross National Product (GNP)


  The most accurate measure of development, the total money value of goods and services produced by a country in a given year.
• Feasibility studies concluded that it was feasible to invest in human resource development or in education as in infrastructure in developing countries. It was projected to be profitable in the long term.
• The Second Development Decade 70's


  A paradigm shift from economic to humanistic. Development assumed a deeper meaning — the improvement of the quality of life of the individual.
• Indicators for development according to Dudley Seers

  • Enough food, clothing, footwear, and shelter
  • Meaningful employment
  • Equality
  • Education
• United Nations: 'Development is a multidimensional undertaking to achieve a higher quality of life for all people — Economic Development, Social Development, and Environmental Protection are interdependent and mutually reinforcing components of sustainable development.'
• The Development Academy of the Philippines launched the Social Indicators Project to develop a comprehensive measure for development, "national social counting system", in the words of the project director.
• Society for International Development: 'Development is a process that creates growth, progress, positive change, or the addition of physical, economic, environment, social and demographic components.'
• Indexes developed by the Social Indicators Project


  • Health & Nutrition
  • Education & Skills
  • Income & Consumption
  • Employment
  • Capital & Non-Human Resources
  • Housing, Utilities, and Environment
  • Public Safety and Justice
  • Social Mobility
  • Political Values
• The term "development" encompasses the need and the means by which to provide better lives for people in poor countries. It includes not only economic growth, but also human development — providing for health, nutrition, education, and a clean environment.
• The First Development Decades - 60s


  Developed was the desired goal or end-state for countries in Asia, Africa, and Latin America, all with agricultural-based economies and post-colonial histories.
• The Third Development Decades - 80's


  Widespread disillusionment on the slow pace of and frustrations in development work has made the use of the phrase superfluous. There was a realignment of priorities among international funding institutions. From infrastructure, investments were channelled to agriculture, education, and health.
• Social Progress Index (SPI)

  How development is measured
• The First Development Decades - 60s

  1. Diplomats, planners, and policymakers institutionalized "development" and Western nations become donors and countries like, Asia, Africa, and Latin America as the beneficiaries

  2. Focused on infrastructure and agricultural productivity
• Gross National Product (GNP)


  The most accurate measure of development, the total money value of goods and services produced by a country in a given year.
• Three fundamental questions about society in the Social Progress Index

  • Does everyone have the basic needs of survival? (food, water, shelter, safety)
  • Does everyone have the building blocks of a better life? (education, information, health, and sustainable development)
  • Does everyone have the opportunity to improve their lives? (rights, freedom of choice, freedom from discrimination, access to the world's most advanced knowledge)
• Feasibility studies concluded that it was feasible to invest in human resource development or in education as in infrastructure in developing countries. It was projected to be profitable in the long term.
• The aim for existing development indices is to put emphasis on the combination of all areas of human needs and not to focus much on the economic or financial side of things only.
• The Second Development Decade 70's


  • A paradigm shift from economic to humanistic
  • Development assumed a deeper meaning — the improvement of the quality of life of the individual
  • Man becomes the measure of development
• Progressive countries like Germany, Denmark, and Canada, have successfully accomplished this and thus provided sustainable and comfortable lives to their citizens.
• Indicators for development according to Dudley Seers

  • Enough food, clothing, footwear, and shelter
  • Meaningful employment
  • Equality
  • Education
• Four Paradigms in analyzing Underdevelopment

  • Technological Paradigm
  • Economic Paradigm
  • Structural Paradigm
  • Values Paradigm
• Basic Human Needs in the 2021 Social Progress Index

  • Nutrition and basic medical care
  • Water Sanitation
  • Shelter
  • Personal Safety
• Indexes developed by the Development Academy of the Philippines

  • Health & Nutrition
  • Education & Skills
  • Income & Consumption
  • Employment
  • Capital & Non-Human Resources
  • Housing, Utilities, and Environment
  • Public Safety and Justice
  • Social Mobility
  • Political Values
• Foundations of well-being in the 2021 Social Progress Index

  • Access to basic knowledge
  • Access to information & Communication
  • Health & Witness
  • Environmental Quality
• Opportunity in the 2021 Social Progress Index


  • Personality Right
  • Personal Freedom and Choice
  • Inclusiveness
  • Access to Advanced Education
• Basic Human Needs in the 2022 Social Progress Index

  • Nutrition and basic medical care
  • Water Sanitation
  • Shelter
  • Personal Safety
• The Third Development Decades - 80's


  • Widespread disillusionment on the slow pace of and frustrations in development work has made the use of the phrase superfluous
  • There was a realignment of priorities among international funding institutions. From infrastructure, investments were channelled to agriculture, education, and health.
• Foundations of well-being in the 2022 Social Progress Index

  • Access to basic knowledge
  • Access to information & Communication
  • Health and Wellness
  • Environmental Quality
• Social Progress Index (SPI)

  How development is measured
• Opportunity in the 2022 Social Progress Index


  • Personality Right
  • Personal Freedom and Choice
  • Inclusiveness
  • Access to Advanced Education
• Three fundamental questions about society

  • Does everyone have the basic needs of survival? (food, water, shelter, safety)
  • Does everyone have the building blocks of a better life? (education, information, health, and sustainable development)
  • Does everyone have the opportunity to improve their lives? (rights, freedom of choice, freedom from discrimination, access to the world's most advanced knowledge)
• Root-cause analysis is one of the tools of a development worker. It allows you to identify the root cause of a the problem. Causes other than the root cause are just symptoms and if these are the ones addressed, the problem is not really resolved.
• How the problematique technique is done

  1. Identify a problem

  2. Identify the causes of the problem by asking "Why?" repeatedly until the question can no longer be answered

  3. Draw arrows connecting the causes to the problem
• The aim for existing development indices is to put emphasis on the combination of all areas of human needs and not to focus much on the economic or financial side of things only.
• 17 Sustainable Development Goals

  • No Poverty
  • Zero Hunger
  • Good Health and Well-being
  • Quality Education
  • Gender Equality
  • Clean Water and Sanitation
  • Affordable and Clean energy
  • Decent work and economic growth
  • Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure
  • Reduced Inequalities
  • Sustainable Cities and Communities
  • Responsible Consumption and Production
  • Climate Action
  • Life Below Water
  • Life on Land
  • Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions
  • Partnerships for the goals