Substance-Related-Addiction Disorders

• Substance-related & addictive disorders

  Disorders involving the use of substances (drugs, alcohol, etc.) and addictive behaviours (gambling, etc.)

  
• Reasons people begin taking drugs

  • To feel good - feeling of pleasure, "high" or "intoxication"
  • To feel better - relieve stress, forget problems, or feel numb
  • To do better - improve performance or thinking
  • Curiosity and peer pressure or experimenting
• In addition to substances, people can also develop addiction to behaviors, such as gambling (gambling disorder)
• Tolerance


  When persons no longer respond to a drug in the way they did at first, so it takes a higher dose to achieve the same effect
• Dependence


  When persons stop using a drug, their body goes through "withdrawal": a group of physical and mental symptoms that can range from mild to life-threatening
• People who are dependent on a drug or medicine aren't necessarily addicted
• Withdrawal


  A syndrome that occurs when blood or tissue concentrations of a substance decline in an individual who had maintained prolonged heavy use of the substance
• Addiction


  A disease where a person keeps using a drug and can't stop, despite negative consequences from using the drug
• Substance-related disorders


  • Alcohol
  • Caffeine
  • Cannabis
  • Hallucinogens
  • Inhalants
  • Opioids
  • Sedatives, hypnotics, & anxiolytics
  • Stimulants
  • Tobacco
  • Other unknown substances
• Substance-related disorders


  • Substance use disorders
  • Substance-induced disorders
• Substance-induced disorders


  • Intoxication
  • Withdrawal
  • Other substance/medication-induced mental disorders (psychotic disorders, bipolar & related disorders, depressive disorders, anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive and related disorders, sleep disorders, sexual dysfunctions, delirium and neurocognitive disorders)

  
• The most common changes in intoxication involve disturbance of perception, wakefulness, attention, thinking, judgment, psychomotor behavior and interpersonal behavior
• Addiction


  A compulsive physiological need for and use of a habit-forming substance, characterized by tolerance and well-defined physiological symptoms upon withdrawal
• Addiction is multifactorially determined, with substantial genetic influence, and is also influenced by environmental factors and an interplay between the two
• The word addiction is not used as a diagnostic term in DSM-V, instead the more neutral term substance use disorder is used to describe the wide range of the disorder, from a mild form to a severe state of chronically relapsing, compulsive drug taking
• A problematic pattern of substance use leading to clinically significant impairment or distress as manifested by two or more symptoms, occurring within a 12-month period, is an important diagnostic criterion for substance use disorder

  
• Gambling disorder


  Reflects evidence that gambling behaviors activate reward systems similar to those activated by drugs of abuse and produce some behavioral symptoms that appear comparable to those produced by the substance-use disorders
• Behavioral addictions such as Internet gaming, sex addiction, exercise addiction, shopping addiction are not included in DSM-V because at this time there is insufficient peer-reviewed evidence to establish the diagnostic criteria and course descriptions needed to identify these behaviors as mental disorders