STS 100

• Intellectual revolution


  The age of reason and the human way of scientific thinking that changed religious perceptions and beliefs
• Heliocentric theory was not widely accepted by the church during the Copernican Revolution, and religion was not strengthened
• Copernican Revolution


  • Telescope of ancient civilization was a tool used to answer people's curiosity
  • Caused a paradigm shift in how the earth and sun were placed in the heavens/universe
  • Rejected the Ptolemaic model (earth is the center of the solar system) and proved the heliocentric model (Sun is the center of the solar system having the earth revolving around it)
  • Nicolaus Copernicus
• Darwinian Revolution


  • Focuses on the elimination of inferior species gradually over time, through a process called "Natural Selection"
  • Provided a different theory than the "theory of Creation"
  • Charles Darwin published his book "The Origin of Species" that emphasizes that humans are the result of an evolution in 1859
  • Survival of the fittest
• Freudian Revolution


  • Psychology - Psychoanalysis
  • Revolutionized Psychiatry with Sigmund Freud
  • Includes the "Freudian Theory of Personality" and "psychoanalysis"
• Information Age


  • Era in which technology has been prevalent
  • Also known as the Computer Age that has brought much change on how we are living today
• Alan Turing


  • Invented Turing machine (computer)
  • 1936
• Technological development timeline


  • SUMERIAN
  • PRINTING PRESS
  • TELEGRAPH
  • TYPEWRITER
  • INTERNET
• Aztec Civilization


  • Military force
  • Chinampa (agricultural technique of farming around small lakes)
  • Aztec Calendar
  • Canoe
• Maya Civilization


  • Astrology and culture (use of Mayan calendar, planting and harvesting time, festive events, cocoa beans as a currency, religious rituals)
  • Tlachtli (ball game using rubber)
• Inca Civilization


  • Quipu (knot tying method which is their system of writing)
  • Mita System (labor system)
• Scientific and technological contributions of Asia

  • Iron and metallurgical works
  • Alchemy (Taoist Chemistry)
  • Sushruta Samhita (Father of Indian Medicine)
  • Aryabhatiya (Indian mathematician, trigonometry)
  • Political Development
• Middle East


  • Noria (improved watermill from Romans)
  • Ḥasan Ibn al-Haytham (Father of modern optics, pinhole camera, mathematician)
  • Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī (Algorithm and astronomy)
• Africa


  • Center of Alchemy (chemical process of transforming substances to other substances usually metals)
  • Kola nuts and coffee drinks
• Discoveries and inventions in ancient civilizations were due to the NEEDS and WANTS of the people to make life easier, and were simple, practical, and cultural
• Science and technology changed people's perceptions and beliefs during the Intellectual Revolution
• Charles Darwin's work was controversial during the Intellectual Revolution because he introduced the theory of evolution, which challenged religious beliefs
• Alan Turing invented a machine that cracked German secret codes during World War II
• The Aztecs built chinampas because farmlands were scarce
• Ḥasan Ibn al-Haytham is known for inventing the pinhole camera
• The Middle East expanded its cultural power over neighboring regions through imperialism
• The Mayan civilization used cocoa beans as a currency
• Alchemy, the production of kola nuts, and coffee are technologies associated with Africa
• The Aztecs were known for their military force and the use of chinampas
• Africa was a center of alchemy
• Africa contributed to the advancement of human anatomy, physiology, and medicine, including operating autopsies and cesarean sections
• The Industrial Revolution started in the 17th century
• Mayan Civilization


  • Pictorial writing system
  • Accurate 365 calendar
  • Human sacrifices to a sun god
• The Mayan civilization and Western civilization both developed written languages
• Intellectual revolutions changed people's perceptions and beliefs
• Age of reason


  The human way of scientific thinking that changed religious perceptions and beliefs
• Scientific Revolution


  Science and technology changed people's perceptions and beliefs
• Copernican Revolution


  • Rejected the Ptolemaic model (earth is the center of the solar system) and proved the heliocentric model (Sun is the center of the solar system having the earth revolving around it)
  • Caused by the telescope, a tool used to answer people's curiosity
• Darwinian Revolution


  • Focuses on the elimination of inferior species gradually over time, through a process called "Natural Selection"
  • Provided a different theory than the "theory of Creation"
  • Started when Charles Darwin published his book "The Origin of Species" in 1859
• Freudian Revolution


  • Psychology - Psychoanalysis
  • Revolutionized Psychiatry with Sigmund Freud's "Freudian Theory of Personality" and "psychoanalysis"
• Information Age


  Era in which technology has been prevalent, also known as the Computer Age
• Alan Turing


  • Invented the Turing machine (computer)
  • 1936
• Technological development timeline


  • SUMERIAN
  • PRINTING PRESS
  • TELEGRAPH
  • TYPEWRITER
  • INTERNET
• Aztec Civilization


  • Military force
  • Chinampa (agricultural technique of farming around small lakes)
  • Aztec Calendar
• Maya Civilization


  • Astrology and culture (use of Mayan calendar, planting and harvesting time, festive events, cocoa beans as a currency, religious rituals)
  • Tlachtli (ball game using rubber)